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Large language models (LLMs) face the challenges in fine-tuning and deployment due to their high memory demands and computational costs. While parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods aim to reduce the memory usage of the optimizer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jeonghoon Kim , Jung Hyun Lee , Sungdong Kim , Joonsuk Park , Kang Min Yoo , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance but incur high deployment costs, motivating extremely low-bit but lossy quantization. Existing quantization algorithms mainly focus on improving the numerical accuracy of forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuxuan Li , Pengzhan Li , Wanxiang Che

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a critical technique for efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs). This work proposes NestQuant, a novel PTQ scheme for weights and activations that is based on self-similar nested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Semyon Savkin , Eitan Porat , Or Ordentlich , Yury Polyanskiy

Quantization has emerged as a mainstream approach for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained devices, yet compressing precision below 4-bit typically causes severe performance degradation or prohibitive retraining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shu-Hao Zhang , Le-Tong Huang , Xiang-Sheng Deng , Xin-Yi Zou , Chen Wu , Nan Li , Shao-Qun Zhang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Quantization is critical for efficiently deploying large language models (LLMs). Yet conventional methods remain hardware-agnostic, limited to bit-width constraints, and do not account for intrinsic circuit characteristics such as the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Rohan Juneja , Shivam Aggarwal , Safeen Huda , Tulika Mitra , Li-Shiuan Peh

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is essential for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on memory-constrained devices, yet it renders models static and difficult to fine-tune. Standard fine-tuning paradigms, including Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yinggan Xu , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Quantization is an indispensable technique for serving Large Language Models (LLMs) and has recently found its way into LoRA fine-tuning. In this work we focus on the scenario where quantization and LoRA fine-tuning are applied together on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Yixiao Li , Yifan Yu , Chen Liang , Pengcheng He , Nikos Karampatziakis , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, albeit at the cost of immense memory and computation requirements. Post-training quantization (PTQ) is becoming the de facto method to reduce the memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Yuhang Li , Priyadarshini Panda

In cloud and edge computing models, it is important that compute devices at the edge be as power efficient as possible. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks have been widely used for natural language processing, time series…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Wen Ma , Pi-Feng Chiu , Won Ho Choi , Minghai Qin , Daniel Bedau , Martin Lueker-Boden

As large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size and complexity, efficient checkpoint saving\&loading has become crucial for managing storage, memory usage, and fault tolerance in LLM training. The current works do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Yanxin Peng , Qingping Li , Baodong Wu , Shigang Li , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Yu Wang

While the community keeps promoting end-to-end models over conventional hybrid models, which usually are long short-term memory (LSTM) models trained with a cross entropy criterion followed by a sequence discriminative training criterion,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-18 Jinyu Li , Rui Zhao , Eric Sun , Jeremy H. M. Wong , Amit Das , Zhong Meng , Yifan Gong

Many long short-term memory (LSTM) applications need fast yet compact models. Neural network compression approaches, such as the grow-and-prune paradigm, have proved to be promising for cutting down network complexity by skipping…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Hongxu Yin , Guoyang Chen , Yingmin Li , Shuai Che , Weifeng Zhang , Niraj K. Jha

Deploying Vision-Language Models (VLMs) on edge devices (e.g., smartphones and robots) is crucial for enabling low-latency and privacy-preserving intelligent applications. Given the resource constraints of these devices, quantization offers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Tianyu Guo , Shanwei Zhao , Shiai Zhu , Chenguang Ma

Auto-regressive speech-text models pre-trained on interleaved text tokens and discretized speech tokens demonstrate strong speech understanding and generation, yet remain substantially less compute-efficient than text LLMs, partly due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yen-Ju Lu , Yashesh Gaur , Wei Zhou , Benjamin Muller , Jesus Villalba , Najim Dehak , Luke Zettlemoyer , Gargi Ghosh , Mike Lewis , Srinivasan Iyer , Duc Le

The growing computational demands of training large language models (LLMs) necessitate more efficient methods. Quantized training presents a promising solution by enabling low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce these costs. While FP8…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ruizhe Wang , Yeyun Gong , Xiao Liu , Guoshuai Zhao , Ziyue Yang , Baining Guo , Zhengjun Zha , Peng Cheng

Reasoning models excel at complex tasks such as coding and mathematics, yet their inference is often slow and token-inefficient. To improve the inference efficiency, post-training quantization (PTQ) usually comes with the cost of large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Keyu Lv , Manyi Zhang , Xiaobo Xia , Jingchen Ni , Shannan Yan , Xianzhi Yu , Lu Hou , Chun Yuan , Haoli Bai

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices like the Raspberry Pi presents challenges in computational efficiency, power consumption, and response latency. This paper explores quantization-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Mahsa Ardakani , Jinendra Malekar , Ramtin Zand

Large language models (LLMs) transcend passive generation and act as goal-directed agents by invoking external tools. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a principled framework for optimizing these emergent tool-use policies, yet the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zihan Lin , Xiaohan Wang , Jie Cao , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Ran He

Training quantized neural networks requires addressing the non-differentiable and discrete nature of the underlying optimization problem. To tackle this challenge, the straight-through estimator (STE) has become the most widely adopted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Halyun Jeong , Jack Xin , Penghang Yin

Large language models (LLMs) are crucial in modern natural language processing and artificial intelligence. However, they face challenges in managing their significant memory requirements. Although quantization-aware training (QAT) offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mengzhao Chen , Wenqi Shao , Peng Xu , Jiahao Wang , Peng Gao , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo
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