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The complex Langevin method is a promising approach to the complex-action problem based on a fictitious time evolution of complexified dynamical variables under the influence of a Gaussian noise. Although it is known to have a restricted…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2017-01-04 Keitaro Nagata , Jun Nishimura , Shinji Shimasaki

We first test the Complex Langevin method (CLE) on various simple models. We then introduce the method of Gauge Cooling to control the dynamics of the process and ensure thin distributions in the imaginary direction. We finally apply CLE…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2013-10-29 Gert Aarts , Lorenzo Bongiovanni , Erhard Seiler , Denes Sexty , Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu

We present the results of continuum-extrapolated lattice simulations of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) above the crossover temperature and for unprecedentedly high baryon densities at the physical point, employing the complex Langevin…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2026-04-22 Michael Mandl , Dénes Sexty , Daniel Unterhuber

Lattice Boltzmann simulations have been very successful in simulating liquid-gas and other multi-phase fluid systems. However, the underlying second order analysis of the equation of motion has long been known to be insufficient to…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-11 A. J. Wagner

The complex Langevin (CL) method is a classical numerical strategy to alleviate the numerical sign problem in the computation of lattice field theories. Mathematically, it is a simple numerical tool to compute a wide class of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-06 Zhenning Cai , Xiaoyu Dong , Yang Kuang

We employ the Complex Langevin method for simulation of complex-valued actions. First, we show how to test for convergence of the method by explicitely computing boundary terms and demonstrate this in a model. Then we investigate the…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-10-30 Manuel Scherzer , Erhard Seiler , Dénes Sexty , Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu

We demonstrate that the configurational temperature formalism can be derived from the classical hypervirial theorem, and introduce a hierarchy of hyperconfigurational temperature definitions, which are particularly well suited for…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-10 Yilong Han , David G. grier

The computation of thermal properties of quantum many-body systems is a central challenge in our understanding of quantum mechanics. We introduce the Quantum Finite Temperature Lanczos Method (QFTLM), which extends the finite-temperature…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Gian Gentinetta , Friederike Metz , William Kirby , Giuseppe Carleo

Monte Carlo studies of QCD at finite density suffer from the sign problem, which becomes easily uncontrollable as the chemical potential $\mu$ is increased even for a moderate lattice size. In this work we make an attempt to approach the…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-12-06 Yuta Ito , Hideo Matsufuru , Jun Nishimura , Shinji Shimasaki , Asato Tsuchiya , Shoichiro Tsutsui

We simulate lattice QCD at finite quark-number chemical potential to study nuclear matter, using the complex Langevin equation (CLE). The CLE is used because the fermion determinant is complex so that standard methods relying on importance…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-04-18 D. K. Sinclair , J. B. Kogut

We demonstrate that the complex Langevin method (CLM) enables calculations in QCD at finite density in a parameter regime in which conventional methods, such as the density of states method and the Taylor expansion method, are not…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2020-12-02 Yuta Ito , Hideo Matsufuru , Yusuke Namekawa , Jun Nishimura , Shinji Shimasaki , Asato Tsuchiya , Shoichiro Tsutsui

We introduce a projected complex Langevin (CL) numerical sampling method -- a fictitious Langevin dynamics scheme that uses numerical projection to sample a constrained stationary distribution with highly oscillatory character. Despite the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-03-04 Ethan C. McGarrigle , Hector D. Ceniceros , Glenn H. Fredrickson

We present our latest results on the application of the complex Langevin method to one- and two-dimensional QCD. Although the method is stable, it unfortunately converges to an incorrect result when applied as such. After applying…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-08-24 Jacques Bloch , Johannes Mahr , Sebastian Schmalzbauer

In this review we present the current state-of-the-art on complex Langevin simulations and their implications for the QCD phase diagram. After a short summary of the complex Langevin method, we present and discuss recent developments. Here…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2020-10-28 Felipe Attanasio , Benjamin Jäger , Felix P. G. Ziegler

We study the convergence to equilibrium of an underdamped Langevin equation that is controlled by a linear feedback force. Specifically, we are interested in sampling the possibly multimodal invariant probability distribution of a Langevin…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-12 Tobias Breiten , Carsten Hartmann , Lara Neureither , Upanshu Sharma

In this paper we test the complex Langevin algorithm for numerical simulations of a random matrix model of QCD with a first order phase transition to a phase of finite baryon density. We observe that a naive implementation of the algorithm…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-04-04 J. Bloch , J. Glesaaen , J. J. M. Verbaarschot , S. Zafeiropoulos

We apply the complex Langevin method (CLM) to overcome the sign problem in 4D SU(2) gauge theory with a theta term extending our previous work on the 2D U(1) case. The topology freezing problem can be solved by using open boundary…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2021-12-06 Akira Matsumoto , Kohta Hatakeyama , Mitsuaki Hirasawa , Masazumi Honda , Yuta Ito , Jun Nishimura , Atis Yosprakob

Complex Langevin simulations are an attempt to solve the sign (or complex-action) problem encountered in various physical systems of interest. The method is based on a complexification of the underlying degrees of freedom and an evolution…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-04-08 Michael W. Hansen , Michael Mandl , Erhard Seiler , Dénes Sexty

In our previous paper [JHEP 10 (2020) 144], we found that the complex Langevin (CL) method works for QCD at finite density on the $16^3 \times 32$ lattice in the low-temperature high-density regime within the range $\mu / T = 1.6 - 9.6$…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-10-28 Shoichiro Tsutsui , Yuhma Asano , Yuta Ito , Hideo Matsufuru , Yusuke Namekawa , Jun Nishimura , Shinji Shimasaki , Asato Tsuchiya

Quantitative numerical analyses of interacting dilute Bose-Einstein condensates are most often based on semi-classical approximations. Since the complex-valued field-theoretic action of the Bose gas does not offer itself to the direct…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2023-05-25 Philipp Heinen , Thomas Gasenzer