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Pretraining large language models (LLMs) with next-token prediction has led to remarkable advances, yet the context-dependent nature of token embeddings in such models results in high intra-class variance and inter-class similarity, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yan Sun , Guoxia Wang , Jinle Zeng , JiaBin Yang , Shuai Li , Li Shen , Dacheng Tao , DianHai Yu , Haifeng Wang

With the advance of language models, privacy protection is receiving more attention. Training data extraction is therefore of great importance, as it can serve as a potential tool to assess privacy leakage. However, due to the difficulty of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Weichen Yu , Tianyu Pang , Qian Liu , Chao Du , Bingyi Kang , Yan Huang , Min Lin , Shuicheng Yan

This paper introduces a novel approach for identifying the possible large language models (LLMs) involved in text generation. Instead of adding an additional classification layer to a base LM, we reframe the classification task as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Yutian Chen , Hao Kang , Vivian Zhai , Liangze Li , Rita Singh , Bhiksha Raj

In the era of large language models (LLMs), detecting pretraining data has been increasingly important due to concerns about fair evaluation and ethical risks. Current methods differentiate members and non-members by designing scoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hengxiang Zhang , Songxin Zhang , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei

Top-$k$ decoding is a widely used method for sampling from LLMs: at each token, only the largest $k$ next-token-probabilities are kept, and the next token is sampled after re-normalizing them to sum to unity. Top-$k$ and other sampling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Georgy Noarov , Soham Mallick , Tao Wang , Sunay Joshi , Yan Sun , Yangxinyu Xie , Mengxin Yu , Edgar Dobriban

Large language models (LLMs) have grown more powerful in language generation, producing fluent text and even imitating personal style. Yet, this ability also heightens the risk of identity impersonation. To the best of our knowledge, no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Lang Gao , Xuhui Li , Chenxi Wang , Mingzhe Li , Wei Liu , Zirui Song , Jinghui Zhang , Rui Yan , Preslav Nakov , Xiuying Chen

As large language models (LLMs) continue to be deployed and utilized across domains, the volume of LLM-generated data is growing rapidly. This trend highlights the increasing importance of effective and lossless compression for such data in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yu Mao , Holger Pirk , Chun Jason Xue

The typical way for relation extraction is fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on task-specific datasets, then selecting the label with the highest probability of the output distribution as the final prediction. However, the usage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Bo Li , Wei Ye , Jinglei Zhang , Shikun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results on various language and vision tasks. Recently, there has been growing interest in applying LLMs to graph-based tasks, particularly on Text-Attributed Graphs (TAGs). However, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Zhongmou He , Jing Zhu , Shengyi Qian , Joyce Chai , Danai Koutra

Quality pretraining data is often seen as the key to high-performance language models. However, progress in understanding pretraining data has been slow due to the costly pretraining runs required for data selection experiments. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Tristan Thrush , Christopher Potts , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Detecting Large Language Model (LLM)-generated code is a growing challenge with implications for security, intellectual property, and academic integrity. We investigate the role of conditional probability distributions in improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Maor Ashkenazi , Ofir Brenner , Tal Furman Shohet , Eran Treister

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in a wide range of natural language processing tasks when leveraging in-context learning. To mitigate the additional computational and financial costs associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Tsz Ting Chung , Leyang Cui , Lemao Liu , Xinting Huang , Shuming Shi , Dit-Yan Yeung

This paper introduces a simple and scalable approach to improve the data efficiency of large language model (LLM) training by augmenting existing text data with thinking trajectories. The compute for pre-training LLMs has been growing at an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Shaohan Huang , Li Dong , Furu Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly prevalent in the field of long-context modeling, however, their inference computational costs have become a critical bottleneck hindering the advancement of tasks such as agents and multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Di Xiu , Hongyin Tang , Bolin Rong , Lizhi Yan , Jingang Wang , Yifan Lu , Xunliang Cai

The pre-training of large language models (LLMs) relies on massive text datasets sourced from diverse and difficult-to-curate origins. Although membership inference attacks and hidden canaries have been explored to trace data usage, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Wassim Bouaziz , Mathurin Videau , Nicolas Usunier , El-Mahdi El-Mhamdi

Previous learning-based vulnerability detection methods relied on either medium-sized pre-trained models or smaller neural networks from scratch. Recent advancements in Large Pre-Trained Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Xin Zhou , Ting Zhang , David Lo

Pre-training data detection for LLMs is essential for addressing copyright concerns and mitigating benchmark contamination. Existing methods mainly focus on the likelihood-based statistical features or heuristic signals before and after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ruiqi Zhang , Lingxiang Wang , Hainan Zhang , Zhiming Zheng , Yanyan Lan

Large language models(LLMs) excel at text generation and knowledge question-answering tasks, but they are prone to generating hallucinated content, severely limiting their application in high-risk domains. Current hallucination detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Shize Liang , Hongzhi Wang

Web-scale pre-training datasets are the cornerstone of LLMs' success. However, text data curated from the Internet inevitably contains random noise caused by decoding errors or unregulated web content. In contrast to previous works that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jinghan Ru , Yuxin Xie , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuguo Yin , Zhihui Guo , Zhiming Liu , Qianli Ren , Yuexian Zou

Precise estimation of downstream performance in large language models (LLMs) prior to training is essential for guiding their development process. Scaling laws analysis utilizes the statistics of a series of significantly smaller sampling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yangyi Chen , Binxuan Huang , Yifan Gao , Zhengyang Wang , Jingfeng Yang , Heng Ji