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The weighted tree augmentation problem (WTAP) is a fundamental network design problem. We are given an undirected tree $G = (V,E)$, an additional set of edges $L$ called links and a cost vector $c \in \mathbb{R}^L_{\geq 1}$. The goal is to…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Samuel Fiorini , Martin Groß , Jochen Könemann , Laura Sanità

A vertex set $S$ is a generalized $k$-independent set if the induced subgraph $G[S]$ contains no tree on $k$ vertices. The generalized $k$-independence number $\alpha_k(G)$ is the maximum size of such a set. For a tree $T$ with $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-17 Jing Huang , Jiaxin Tang

In this paper, we study the problem of finding a minimum weight spanning tree that contains each vertex in a given subset $V_{\rm NT}$ of vertices as an internal vertex. This problem, called Minimum Weight Non-Terminal Spanning Tree,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Tesshu Hanaka , Yasuaki Kobayashi

We construct a family of functions suitable for establishing lower bounds on the oracle complexity of first-order minimization of smooth strongly-convex functions. Based on this construction, we derive new lower bounds on the complexity of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-16 Yoel Drori , Adrien Taylor

Measures of tree balance play an important role in various research areas, for example in phylogenetics. There they are for instance used to test whether an observed phylogenetic tree differs significantly from a tree generated by the Yule…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Mareike Fischer , Lina Herbst , Kristina Wicke

We study that over some types of trees with a given number of vertices, which trees minimize or maximize the total number of subtrees. Trees minimizing (resp. maximizing) the total number of subtrees usually maximize (resp. minimize) the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-04-30 Shuchao Li , Shujing Wang

The Horton-Strahler number of a tree is a measure of its branching complexity; it is also known in the literature as the register function. We show that for critical Galton-Watson trees with finite variance conditioned to be of size $n$,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-04 Anna M. Brandenberger , Luc Devroye , Tommy Reddad

A phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships among species. Internal nodes of the tree represent speciation events and leaf nodes correspond to species. A goal of phylogenetics is to combine such trees into larger trees, called…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Neil C. A. Moore , Patrick Prosser

In this article we introduce the fractional Hardy-Littlewood maximal function on the infinite rooted $k$-ary tree and study its weighted boundedness. We also provide examples of weights for which the fractional Hardy-Littlewood maximal…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2021-12-13 Abhishek Ghosh , Ezequiel Rela

We describe a kernel of size 9k-8 for the NP-hard problem of computing the Tree Bisection and Reconnect (TBR) distance k between two unrooted binary phylogenetic trees. We achieve this by extending the existing portfolio of reduction rules…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Steven Kelk , Simone Linz , Ruben Meuwese

Minimum Bisection denotes the NP-hard problem to partition the vertex set of a graph into two sets of equal sizes while minimizing the width of the bisection, which is defined as the number of edges between these two sets. We first consider…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-23 Cristina G. Fernandes , Tina Janne Schmidt , Anusch Taraz

Let $M_n$ be the minimal position at generation $n$, of a real-valued branching random walk in the boundary case. As $n \to \infty$, $M_n- {3 \over 2} \log n$ is tight (see [1][9][2]). We establish here a law of iterated logarithm for the…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-07-06 Yueyun Hu

We provide an $\Omega(n\log n) $ lower bound and an $O(n^2)$ upper bound for the smallest size of rooted binary trees (a.k.a. phylogenetic tree shapes), which are universal for rooted binary trees with $n$ leaves, i.e., contain all of them…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-15 Ann Clifton , Eva Czabarka , Kevin Liu , Sarah Loeb , Utku Okur , Laszlo Szekely , Kristina Wicke

The tree spanner problem for a graph $G$ is as follows: For a given integer $k$, is there a spanning tree $T$ of $G$ (called a tree $k$-spanner) such that the distance in $T$ between every pair of vertices is at most $k$ times their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-07 Lan Lin , Yixun Lin

In our previous work, we introduced the random $k$-cut number for rooted graphs. In this paper, we show that the distribution of the $k$-cut number in complete binary trees of size $n$, after rescaling, is asymptotically a periodic function…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-21 Xing Shi Cai , Cecilia Holmgren

The 3SUM problem is to decide, given a set of $n$ real numbers, whether any three sum to zero. It is widely conjectured that a trivial $O(n^2)$-time algorithm is optimal and over the years the consequences of this conjecture have been…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-06-02 Allan Grønlund , Seth Pettie

Motivated by the study of greedy algorithms for graph coloring, Bernshteyn and Lee introduced a generalization of graph degeneracy, which is called weak degeneracy. In this paper, we show the lower bound of the weak degeneracy for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-02 Yuxuan Yang

Weak degeneracy of a graph is a variation of degeneracy that has a close relationship to many graph coloring parameters. In this article, we prove that planar graphs with distance of $3$-cycles at least 2 and no cycles of lengths $5, 6, 7$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-26 Tao Wang , Ya-Nan Wang , Xiaojing Yang

We introduce a double staircase construction $T$ and show that the weak closure of $\{T^n\}$ is $\{\int, 2^{-m}T^n+(1-2^{-m})\int \ : m\in\N,\ n\in \Z\}.$

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2011-08-03 V. V. Ryzhikov

A compacted binary tree is a directed acyclic graph encoding a binary tree in which common subtrees are factored and shared, such that they are represented only once. We show that the number of compacted binary trees of size $n$ grows…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-04 Andrew Elvey Price , Wenjie Fang , Michael Wallner