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AI is demanding an evergrowing portion of environmental resources. Despite their potential impact on AI environmental sustainability, the role that programming languages play in AI (in)efficiency is to date still unknown. With this study,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Niccolò Marini , Leonardo Pampaloni , Filippo Di Martino , Roberto Verdecchia , Enrico Vicario

There is a tension in dynamic language runtime design between speed and correctness: state-of-the-art JIT compilation, the result of enormous industrial investment and significant research, achieves heroic speedups at the cost of complexity…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Chris Fallin , Maxwell Bernstein

Energy-efficient software helps improve mobile device experiences and reduce the carbon footprint of data centers. However, energy goals are often de-prioritized in order to meet other requirements. We take inspiration from recent work…

Large language models (LLMs) are used in software development to assist in various tasks, e.g., code generation and code completion, but empirical evaluations of the quality of the results produced by these models focus on correctness and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Lola Solovyeva , Sophie Weidmann , Fernando Castor

Does the choice of programming language affect energy consumption? Previous highly visible studies have established associations between certain programming languages and energy consumption. A causal misinterpretation of this work has led…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Nicolas van Kempen , Hyuk-Je Kwon , Dung Tuan Nguyen , Emery D. Berger

Language Models are increasingly applied in software engineering, yet their inference raises growing environmental concerns. Prior work has examined hardware choices and prompt length, but little attention has been paid to linguistic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Vincenzo De Martino , Mohammad Amin Zadenoori , Xavier Franch , Alessio Ferrari

This paper presents a detailed study of the energy consumption of the different Java Collection Framework (JFC) implementations. For each method of an implementation in this framework, we present its energy consumption when handling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-02-03 Rui Pereira , Marco Couto , Jácome Cunha , João Paulo Fernandes , João Saraiva

Python is a popular programming language known for its ease of learning and extensive libraries. However, concerns about performance and energy consumption have led to the development of compilers to enhance Python code efficiency. Despite…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Vincenzo Stoico , Andrei Calin Dragomir , Patricia Lago

The rapid technological evolution has accelerated software development for various domains and use cases, contributing to a growing share of global carbon emissions. While recent large language models (LLMs) claim to assist developers in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Pooja Rani , Jan-Andrea Bard , June Sallou , Alexander Boll , Timo Kehrer , Alberto Bacchelli

The concern about global warming increased the interest in the energy efficiency of computer applications. Assuming power is constant, the general trend is that faster programs consume less energy, thus optimizing a program for speed would…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Sérgio Queiroz de Medeiros , Marcelo Borges Nogueira , Gustavo Quezado

Building a high-performance JIT-capable VM for a dynamic language has traditionally required a tremendous amount of time, money, and expertise. We present Deegen, a meta-compiler that allows users to generate a high-performance JIT-capable…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Haoran Xu , Fredrik Kjolstad

Large Language Models (LLM) have significantly transformed various domains, including software development. These models assist programmers in generating code, potentially increasing productivity and efficiency. However, the environmental…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Kuen Sum Cheung , Mayuri Kaul , Gunel Jahangirova , Mohammad Reza Mousavi , Eric Zie

Reducing the environmental impact of AI-based software systems has become critical. The intensive use of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering poses severe challenges regarding computational resources, data centers, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Riccardo Rubei , Aicha Moussaid , Claudio di Sipio , Davide di Ruscio

In recent years,Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved in generating high-quality code, enabling their integration into developers' Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) as code assistants. These assistants, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Tristan Coignion , Clément Quinton , Romain Rouvoy

The acceleration of software development and delivery requires rigorous continuous testing and deployment of software systems, which are being deployed in increasingly diverse, complex, and dynamic environments. In recent years, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Quentin Perez , Romain Lefeuvre , Thomas Degueule , Olivier Barais , Benoit Combemale

Context. The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to their widespread adoption in development pipelines. Goal. We empirically assess the energy efficiency of Python code generated by LLMs against human-written code and code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Radu Apsan , Vincenzo Stoico , Michel Albonico , Rudra Dhar , Karthik Vaidhyanathan , Ivano Malavolta

Computing systems are consuming an increasing and unsustainable fraction of society's energy footprint, notably in data centers. Meanwhile, energy-efficient software engineering techniques are often absent from undergraduate curricula. We…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, commercial models like ChatGPT require significant computing power, which leads to high energy use and carbon emissions. This has raised concerns about their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Aris Leivadeas , Yazan Otoum , Zeeshan Sattar

Due to increased computing use, data centers consume and emit a lot of energy and carbon. These contributions are expected to rise as big data analytics, digitization, and large AI models grow and become major components of daily working…

The rapid digitization and the increasing use of emerging technologies such as AI models have significantly contributed to the emissions of computing infrastructure. Efforts to mitigate this impact typically focus on the infrastructure…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Sebastian Werner , Mathis Kähler , Alireza Hakamian
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