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Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh

Multimodal Empathetic Response Generation (MERG) is crucial for building emotionally intelligent human-computer interactions. Although large language models (LLMs) have improved text-based ERG, challenges remain in handling multimodal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ronghao Lin , Shuai Shen , Weipeng Hu , Qiaolin He , Aolin Xiong , Li Huang , Haifeng Hu , Yap-peng Tan

A key trait of daily conversations between individuals is the ability to express empathy towards others, and exploring ways to implement empathy is a crucial step towards human-like dialogue systems. Previous approaches on this topic mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Sahand Sabour , Chujie Zheng , Minlie Huang

Empathetic Response Generation (ERG) is one of the key tasks of the affective computing area, which aims to produce emotionally nuanced and compassionate responses to user's queries. However, existing ERG research is predominantly confined…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Han Zhang , Zixiang Meng , Meng Luo , Hong Han , Lizi Liao , Erik Cambria , Hao Fei

With the development of speech large language models (speech LLMs), users can now interact directly with assistants via speech. However, most existing models only convert response content into speech without fully capturing the rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Haoyu Wang , Guangyan Zhang , Jiale Chen , Jingyu Li , Yuehai Wang , Yiwen Guo

Empathetic response generation aims to generate empathetic responses by understanding the speaker's emotional feelings from the language of dialogue. Recent methods capture emotional words in the language of communicators and construct them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Zhou Yang , Zhaochun Ren , Yufeng Wang , Xiaofei Zhu , Zhihao Chen , Tiecheng Cai , Yunbing Wu , Yisong Su , Sibo Ju , Xiangwen Liao

Emotional language generation is one of the keys to human-like artificial intelligence. Humans use different type of emotions depending on the situation of the conversation. Emotions also play an important role in mediating the engagement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Sashank Santhanam , Samira Shaikh

Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) involves detecting the underlying emotion behind each utterance within a conversation. Effectively generating representations for utterances remains a significant challenge in this task. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Fangxu Yu , Junjie Guo , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai

Speech emotion recognition (SER), the task of identifying the expression of emotion from spoken content, is challenging due to the difficulty in extracting representations that capture emotional attributes from speech. The scarcity of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Soumya Dutta , Sriram Ganapathy

A humanized dialogue system is expected to generate empathetic replies, which should be sensitive to the users' expressed emotion. The task of empathetic dialogue generation is proposed to address this problem. The essential challenges lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Qintong Li , Hongshen Chen , Zhaochun Ren , Pengjie Ren , Zhaopeng Tu , Zhumin Chen

Transformer-based models have demonstrated their effectiveness in automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks and even shown superior performance over the conventional hybrid framework. The main idea of Transformers is to capture the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Kun Wei , Pengcheng Guo , Ning Jiang

Conversational Speech Synthesis (CSS) aims to align synthesized speech with the emotional and stylistic context of user-agent interactions to achieve empathy. Current generative CSS models face interpretability limitations due to…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yifan Hu , Rui Liu , Yi Ren , Xiang Yin , Haizhou Li

Empathy is crucial in enabling natural interactions within spoken dialogue systems, allowing machines to recognize and respond appropriately to paralinguistic cues such as age, gender, and emotion. Recent advancements in end-to-end speech…

Emotion is essential in spoken communication, yet most existing frameworks in speech emotion modeling rely on predefined categories or low-dimensional continuous attributes, which offer limited expressive capacity. Recent advances in speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Tianhua Qi , Wenming Zheng , Björn W. Schuller , Zhaojie Luo , Haizhou Li

Current Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) research follows a closed-domain assumption. However, there is no clear consensus on emotion classification in psychology, which presents a challenge for models when it comes to recognizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Kun Peng , Cong Cao , Hao Peng , Guanlin Wu , Zhifeng Hao , Lei Jiang , Yanbing Liu , Philip S. Yu

The successful emotional conversation system depends on sufficient perception and appropriate expression of emotions. In a real-life conversation, humans firstly instinctively perceive emotions from multi-source information, including the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Yunlong Liang , Fandong Meng , Ying Zhang , Jinan Xu , Yufeng Chen , Jie Zhou

We introduce the concept of "empathic grounding" in conversational agents as an extension of Clark's conceptualization of grounding in conversation in which the grounding criterion includes listener empathy for the speaker's affective…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Mehdi Arjmand , Farnaz Nouraei , Ian Steenstra , Timothy Bickmore

Recent speech-to-speech (S2S) models generate intelligible speech but still lack natural expressiveness, largely due to the absence of a reliable evaluation metric. Existing approaches, such as subjective MOS ratings, low-level acoustic…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zhiyu Lin , Jingwen Yang , Jiale Zhao , Meng Liu , Sunzhu Li , Benyou Wang

The mainstream paradigm of speech emotion recognition (SER) is identifying the single emotion label of the entire utterance. This line of works neglect the emotion dynamics at fine temporal granularity and mostly fail to leverage linguistic…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Siyuan Shen , Yu Gao , Feng Liu , Hanyang Wang , Aimin Zhou

Speech emotion recognition is a challenging task, and extensive reliance has been placed on models that use audio features in building well-performing classifiers. In this paper, we propose a novel deep dual recurrent encoder model that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Seunghyun Yoon , Seokhyun Byun , Kyomin Jung