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In this paper, we propose an encrypted dynamic controller that executes an unlimited number of recursive homomorphic multiplications on a Ring Learning With Errors (Ring-LWE) based cryptosystem without bootstrapping. The proposed controller…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Yeongjun Jang , Joowon Lee , Seonhong Min , Hyesun Kwak , Junsoo Kim , Yongsoo Song

Secure aggregation is widely used in horizontal Federated Learning (FL), to prevent leakage of training data when model updates from data owners are aggregated. Secure aggregation protocols based on Homomorphic Encryption (HE) have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Zizhen Liu , Si Chen , Jing Ye , Junfeng Fan , Huawei Li , Xiaowei Li

Since fully homomorphic encryption and homomorphically encrypted computing preserve algebraic identities such as 2*2=2+2, a natural question is whether this extremely utilitarian feature also sets up cryptographic attacks that use the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-11-19 Peter T. Breuer , Jonathan P. Bowen

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a promising technology for confidential cloud computing, as it allows computations on encrypted data. However, HE is computationally expensive and often memory-bound on conventional computer architectures.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niklas Klinger , Jonas Sander , Peterson Yuhala , Pascal Felber , Thomas Eisenbarth

Cryptographic schemes like Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), while offering powerful privacy-preserving capabilities, are often hindered by their computational complexity. Polynomial multiplication, a core…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Rabimba Karanjai , Sangwon Shin , and Wujie Xiong , Xinxin Fan , Lin Chen , Tianwei Zhang , Taeweon Suh , Weidong Shi , Veronika Kuchta , Francesco Sica , Lei Xu

This paper proposes a fully homomorphic encryption encapsulated difference expansion (FHEE-DE) scheme for reversible data hiding in encrypted domain (RDH-ED). In the proposed scheme, we use key-switching and bootstrapping techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Yan Ke , Min-qing Zhang , Jia Liu , Ting-ting Su , Xiao-yuan Yang

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) relies heavily on the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), making NTT a major performance bottleneck due to its intensive polynomial computations. Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption (HHE), which integrates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hang Gu , Teng Wang , Qianyu Cheng , Jinao Li , Zhendong Zheng , Lei Gong , Wenqi Lou , Xi Li , Xuehai Zhou

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) represents a paradigm shift in cryptography, enabling computation directly on encrypted data and unlocking privacy-critical computation. Despite being increasingly deployed in real platforms, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Rian Adam Rajagede , Yan Solihin

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables private inference by evaluating neural networks on encrypted data. In this way, we can delegate the computation to a third party server without ever revealing the user's data. Currently, the CKKS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Philipp Kern , Lorenzo Rovida , Samuel Teuber , Edoardo Manino , Carsten Sinz , Alberto Leporati

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a cryptographic method that guarantees the privacy and security of user data during computation. FHE algorithms can perform unlimited arithmetic computations directly on encrypted data without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Charles Gouert , Vinu Joseph , Steven Dalton , Cedric Augonnet , Michael Garland , Nektarios Georgios Tsoutsos

Homomorphic encryption has largely been studied in context of public key cryptosystems. But there are applications which inherently would require symmetric keys. We propose a symmetric key encryption scheme with fully homomorphic evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-10-10 Iti Sharma

Fully-Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) offers powerful capabilities by enabling secure offloading of both storage and computation, and recent innovations in schemes and implementations have made it all the more attractive. At the same time, FHE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Roshan Dathathri , Blagovesta Kostova , Olli Saarikivi , Wei Dai , Kim Laine , Madanlal Musuvathi

Privacy-preserving deep learning addresses privacy concerns in Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) by using Homomorphic Encryption (HE) for linear computations. However, the computational overhead remains a major challenge. While prior…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yifei Cai , Yizhou Feng , Qiao Zhang , Chunsheng Xin , Hongyi Wu

In this technical report, we explore the use of homomorphic encryption (HE) in the context of training and predicting with deep learning (DL) models to deliver strict \textit{Privacy by Design} services, and to enforce a zero-trust model of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-18 Francis Dutil , Alexandre See , Lisa Di Jorio , Florent Chandelier

Homomorphic encryption enables arbitrary computation over data while it remains encrypted. This privacy-preserving feature is attractive for machine learning, but requires significant computational time due to the large overhead of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Edward Chou , Josh Beal , Daniel Levy , Serena Yeung , Albert Haque , Li Fei-Fei

While end-to-end encryption protects the content of messages, it does not secure metadata, which exposes sender and receiver information through traffic analysis. A plausible approach to protecting this metadata is to have senders post…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Grant Bosworth , Keewoo Lee , Sunwoong Kim

Encrypted control has been introduced to protect controller data by encryption at the stage of computation and communication, by performing the computation directly on encrypted data. In this article, we first review and categorize recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Junsoo Kim , Dongwoo Kim , Yongsoo Song , Hyungbo Shim , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) has recently attracted significant attention as both a cryptographic primitive and a systems challenge. Given the latest advances in accelerated computing, FHE presents a promising opportunity for…

In the realm of big data and cloud computing, distributed systems are tasked with proficiently managing, storing, and validating extensive datasets across numerous nodes, all while maintaining robust data integrity. Conventional hashing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Krishnendu Das

The integration of quantum error correction codes and homomorphic encryption schemes is essential for achieving fault-tolerant secure cloud quantum computing. However, owing to the significant overheads associated with these schemes, their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 IlKwon Sohn , Boseon Kim , Kwangil Bae , Wonhyuk Lee