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Multi-LLM systems harness the complementary strengths of diverse Large Language Models, achieving performance and efficiency gains that are not attainable by a single model. In existing designs, LLMs communicate through text, forcing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Tianyu Fu , Zihan Min , Hanling Zhang , Jichao Yan , Guohao Dai , Wanli Ouyang , Yu Wang

In the field of instruction-following large vision-language models (LVLMs), the efficient deployment of these models faces challenges, notably due to the high memory demands of their key-value (KV) caches. Conventional cache management…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Zuyan Liu , Benlin Liu , Jiahui Wang , Yuhao Dong , Guangyi Chen , Yongming Rao , Ranjay Krishna , Jiwen Lu

Tool learning has emerged as a crucial capability for large language models (LLMs) to solve complex real-world tasks through interaction with external tools. Existing approaches face significant challenges, including reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hanxing Ding , Shuchang Tao , Liang Pang , Zihao Wei , Jinyang Gao , Bolin Ding , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

A new form of caching, namely application-level caching, has been recently employed in web applications to improve their performance and increase scalability. It consists of the insertion of caching logic into the application base code to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Jhonny Mertz , Ingrid Nunes

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to plan, reason, and execute tasks across diverse scenarios. In use cases like repeatable workflows and agentic settings, prompts are often reused with minor variations while having a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Sarthak Chakraborty , Suman Nath , Xuchao Zhang , Chetan Bansal , Indranil Gupta

This letter proposes a novel three-tier content caching architecture for Vehicular Fog Caching (VFC)-assisted platoon, where the VFC is formed by the vehicles driving near the platoon. The system strategically coordinates storage across…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Bowen Tan , Qiong Wu , Pingyi Fan , Kezhi Wang , Nan Cheng , Wen Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have proven to work well in question-answering scenarios, but real-world applications often require access to tools for live information or actuation. For this, LLMs can be extended with tools, which are often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Robert K. Strehlow , Tobias Küster , Oskar F. Kupke , Brandon Llanque Kurps , Fikret Sivrikaya , Sahin Albayrak

Meeting performance and scalability requirements while delivering services is a critical issue in web applications. Recently, latency and cost of Internet-based services are encouraging the use of application-level caching to continue…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Jhonny Mertz , Ingrid Nunes

Large Language Models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, prompting the exploration of tool learning, which integrates LLMs with external tools to address diverse real-world challenges. Assessing the capability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Zhicheng Guo , Sijie Cheng , Hao Wang , Shihao Liang , Yujia Qin , Peng Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

Large language models (LLMs) enable state-of-the-art semantic capabilities to be added to software systems such as semantic search of unstructured documents and text generation. However, these models are computationally expensive. At scale,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Zafaryab Rasool , Scott Barnett , David Willie , Stefanus Kurniawan , Sherwin Balugo , Srikanth Thudumu , Mohamed Abdelrazek

Transformer-based language models have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, yet their high inference latency poses a significant challenge for real-timeand large-scale deployment. While existing caching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Harsh Vardhan Bansal

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional reasoning capabilities, enabling them to solve various complex problems. Recently, this ability has been applied to the paradigm of tool learning. Tool learning involves providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yanming Liu , Xinyue Peng , Jiannan Cao , Yuwei Zhang , Xuhong Zhang , Sheng Cheng , Xun Wang , Jianwei Yin , Tianyu Du

The integration of tools in augmenting large language models presents a novel approach toward enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of these models in handling specific, complex tasks. This paper delves into the methodology,challenges, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Zhuocheng Shen

Tool calling has become increasingly popular for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, for large tool sets, the resulting tokens would exceed the LLM's context window limit, making it impossible to include every tool. Hence, an external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Saptarshi Sengupta , Zhengyu Zhou , Jun Araki , Xingbo Wang , Bingqing Wang , Suhang Wang , Zhe Feng

With the advent of large language models (LLMs) and multimodal large language models (MLLMs), the potential of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has attracted considerable research attention. Various novel algorithms and models have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jiajie Jin , Yutao Zhu , Guanting Dong , Yuyao Zhang , Xinyu Yang , Chenghao Zhang , Tong Zhao , Zhao Yang , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

Large language model (LLM) agents rely on external tools to solve complex tasks, but real-world toolsets often contain redundant tools with overlapping names and descriptions, introducing ambiguity and reducing selection accuracy. LLMs also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marianne Menglin Liu , Daniel Garcia , Fjona Parllaku , Vikas Upadhyay , Syed Fahad Allam Shah , Dan Roth

While the recent developments in large language models (LLMs) have successfully enabled generative recommenders with natural language interactions, their recommendation behavior is limited, leaving other simpler yet crucial components such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Seungheon Doh , Keunwoo Choi , Juhan Nam

Agentic AI architectures augment LLMs with external tools, unlocking strong capabilities. However, tool use is not always beneficial; some calls may be redundant or even harmful. Effective tool use, therefore, hinges on a core LLM decision:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qinyuan Wu , Soumi Das , Mahsa Amani , Arijit Nag , Seungeon Lee , Krishna P. Gummadi , Abhilasha Ravichander , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Semantic caching enhances the efficiency of large language model (LLM) systems by identifying semantically similar queries, storing responses once, and serving them for subsequent equivalent requests. However, existing semantic caching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Shervin Ghaffari , Zohre Bahranifard , Mohammad Akbari