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It is not so well-known that measurement-free quantum error correction protocols can be designed to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing. Despite the potential advantages of using such protocols in terms of the relaxation of accuracy,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-02 Gerardo A. Paz-Silva , Gavin K. Brennen , Jason Twamley

The surface code is one of the most promising candidates for combating errors in large scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. A fault-tolerant decoder is a vital part of the error correction process---it is the algorithm which computes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Fern H. E. Watson , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error correction (QEC) requires the execution of deep quantum circuits with large numbers of physical qubits to protect information against errors. Designing protocols that can reduce gate and space-time overheads of QEC is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Laura Pecorari , Sven Jandura , Guido Pupillo

Of the many potential hardware platforms, superconducting quantum circuits have become the leading contender for constructing a scalable quantum computing system. All current architecture designs necessitate a 2D arrangement of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-24 H. Mukai , K. Sakata , S. J. Devitt , R. Wang , Y. Zhou , Y. Nakajima , J. S. Tsai

Error correcting codes use multi-qubit measurements to realize fault-tolerant quantum logic steps. In fact, the resources needed to scale-up fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware are largely set by this task. Tailoring next-generation…

With fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) on the horizon, it is critical to understand sources of logical error in plausible hardware implementations of quantum error-correcting codes (QECC). In this work, we consider logical error rates…

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, the high prevalent noise in current quantum devices impedes the accurate execution of even basic algorithms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Prithviraj Prabhu

We show that universal quantum computation can be concretely made fault-tolerant without mid-circuit measurements. To this end, we introduce a measurement-free deformation protocol of the Bacon-Shor code to realize a logical $\mathit{CCZ}$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Stefano Veroni , Alexandru Paler , Giacomo Giudice

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes can achieve high encoding rates and good code distance scaling, providing a promising route to low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computing. However, the long-range connectivity required to…

Realizing the full potential of quantum computation requires quantum error correction (QEC), with most recent breakthrough demonstrations of QEC using the surface code. QEC codes use multiple noisy physical qubits to encode information in…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…

The design and performance analysis of quantum error correction (QEC) codes are often based on incoherent and independent noise models since it is easy to simulate. However, these models fail to capture realistic hardware noise sources,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-16 Zeyuan Zhou , Andrew Ji , Yongshan Ding

A remarkable characteristic of quantum computing is the potential for reliable computation despite faulty qubits. This can be achieved through quantum error correction, which is typically implemented by repeatedly applying static syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Alec Eickbusch , Matt McEwen , Volodymyr Sivak , Alexandre Bourassa , Juan Atalaya , Jahan Claes , Dvir Kafri , Craig Gidney , Christopher W. Warren , Jonathan Gross , Alex Opremcak , Nicholas Zobrist , Kevin C. Miao , Gabrielle Roberts , Kevin J. Satzinger , Andreas Bengtsson , Matthew Neeley , William P. Livingston , Alex Greene , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexander Bilmes , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Alexander Del Toro Barba , Sean Demura , Laura De Lorenzo , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya K. Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Michael C. Hamilton , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Cody Jones , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Loïck Le Guevel , Wing Yan Li , Alexander T. Lill , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Ramis Movassagh , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Logan Oas , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , David M. Rhodes , Eliott Rosenberg , Elizabeth Rossi , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Henry F. Schurkus , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Sergio Boixo , Julian Kelly , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven , Dave Bacon , Zijun Chen , Paul V. Klimov , Pedram Roushan , Charles Neill , Yu Chen , Alexis Morvan

Current quantum processors are fragile, noisy and fairly limited in both quantity and quality with tens of qubits and physical error rates of around 10^-3. To realize practical quantum applications, however, error rates need to be below…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Hany Ali

Fault-tolerant quantum computation critically depends on architectures uniting high encoding rates with physical implementability. Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes, including bivariate bicycle (BB) codes, achieve dramatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Yingli Yang , Guo Zhang , Ying Li

We construct a detailed microscopic noise model for multi-qubit (MQ) gate operations in the context of trapped ion architecture with all-to-all connectivity. We find that phonon heating and motional dephasing are well captured by effective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Ori Grossman , Yotam Kadish , Snir Gazit , Amit Ben-Kish , Roee Ozeri , Yotam Shapira

Quantum low-density parity-check codes are promising candidates towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among these, bivariate bicycle (BB) codes offer superior encoding rates and large code distance compared to surface codes.…

The promise of quantum computing is closer to reality today than ever before, thanks to rapid progress in the development of quantum hardware. Even as qubit lifetimes and gate fidelities continue to improve, realizing robust, fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Vismay Joshi , Anubhab Rudra , Sourav Dutta , Siddharth Dhomkar , Prabha Mandayam

Measurement-free quantum error correction (MFQEC) offers an alternative to standard measurement-based QEC in platforms with an unconditional qubit reset gate. We revisit the question of fault tolerance (FT) for a measurement-free variant of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Michael A. Perlin , Vickram N. Premakumar , Jiakai Wang , Mark Saffman , Robert Joynt

Fault-tolerant (FT) computation by using quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale quantum algorithms. Devices are expected to have enough qubits to demonstrate aspects of fault tolerance in the near future.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Lingling Lao , Carmen G. Almudever