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Legal Prompt Engineering (LPE) or Legal Prompting is a process to guide and assist a large language model (LLM) with performing a natural legal language processing (NLLP) skill. Our goal is to use LPE with LLMs over long legal documents for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Dietrich Trautmann , Alina Petrova , Frank Schilder

Large language models (LLMs) are being widely applied across various fields, but as tasks become more complex, evaluating their responses is increasingly challenging. Compared to human evaluators, the use of LLMs to support performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yuran Li , Jama Hussein Mohamud , Chongren Sun , Di Wu , Benoit Boulet

Crime disrupts societal stability, making law essential for balance. In multidefendant cases, assigning responsibility is complex and challenges fairness, requiring precise role differentiation. However, judicial phrasing often obscures the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xu Zhang , Qinghua Wang , Mengyang Zhao , Fang Wang , Cunquan Qu

Judgmental forecasting is the task of making predictions about future events based on human judgment. This task can be seen as a form of claim verification, where the claim corresponds to a future event and the task is to assess the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Deniz Gorur , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

With the development of deep learning, natural language processing technology has effectively improved the efficiency of various aspects of the traditional judicial industry. However, most current efforts focus on tasks within individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zhitao He , Pengfei Cao , Chenhao Wang , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Jiexin Xu , Huaijun Li , Xiaojian Jiang , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in legal judgment prediction (LJP) has the potential to transform the legal landscape, particularly in jurisdictions like India, where a significant backlog of cases burdens the legal system.…

The justice system has increasingly employed AI techniques to enhance efficiency, yet limitations remain in improving the quality of decision-making, particularly regarding transparency and explainability needed to uphold public trust in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Cong Jiang , Xiaolei Yang

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to form legal judgments based on the criminal fact description. However, researchers struggle to classify confusing criminal cases, such as robbery and theft, which requires LJP models to distinguish the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Pengjie Liu , Wang Zhang , Yulong Ding , Xuefeng Zhang , Shuang-Hua Yang

Given the fact of a case, Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) involves a series of sub-tasks such as predicting violated law articles, charges and term of penalty. We propose leveraging a unified text-to-text Transformer for LJP, where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Yunyun Huang , Xiaoyu Shen , Chuanyi Li , Jidong Ge , Bin Luo

The gap between static benchmarks and the dynamic nature of real-world legal practice poses a key barrier to advancing legal intelligence. To this end, we introduce J1-ENVS, the first interactive and dynamic legal environment tailored for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Zheng Jia , Shengbin Yue , Wei Chen , Siyuan Wang , Yidong Liu , Zejun Li , Yun Song , Zhongyu Wei

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), predicting judicial outcomes poses significant challenges due to the complexity of legal proceedings and the scarcity of expert-annotated datasets. Addressing this, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Anurag Sharma , Danush Khanna , Noel Shallum , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arnab Bhattacharya

With the increasing intelligence and autonomy of LLM agents, their potential applications in the legal domain are becoming increasingly apparent. However, existing general-domain benchmarks cannot fully capture the complexity and subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Haitao Li , Junjie Chen , Jingli Yang , Qingyao Ai , Wei Jia , Youfeng Liu , Kai Lin , Yueyue Wu , Guozhi Yuan , Yiran Hu , Wuyue Wang , Yiqun Liu , Minlie Huang

This paper introduces JuDGE (Judgment Document Generation Evaluation), a novel benchmark for evaluating the performance of judgment document generation in the Chinese legal system. We define the task as generating a complete legal judgment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Weihang Su , Baoqing Yue , Qingyao Ai , Yiran Hu , Jiaqi Li , Changyue Wang , Kaiyuan Zhang , Yueyue Wu , Yiqun Liu

LLM-based judges have emerged as a scalable alternative to human evaluation and are increasingly used to assess, compare, and improve models. However, the reliability of LLM-based judges themselves is rarely scrutinized. As LLMs become more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Sijun Tan , Siyuan Zhuang , Kyle Montgomery , William Y. Tang , Alejandro Cuadron , Chenguang Wang , Raluca Ada Popa , Ion Stoica

Mock trial has long served as an important platform for legal professional training and education. It not only helps students learn about realistic trial procedures, but also provides practical value for case analysis and judgment…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kaiyuan Zhang , Jiaqi Li , Yueyue Wu , Haitao Li , Cheng Luo , Shaokun Zou , Yujia Zhou , Weihang Su , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained significant attention recently, showing remarkable potential in artificial general intelligence. However, assessing the utility of MLLMs presents considerable challenges, primarily due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Dongping Chen , Ruoxi Chen , Shilin Zhang , Yinuo Liu , Yaochen Wang , Huichi Zhou , Qihui Zhang , Yao Wan , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

The assessment of explainability in Legal Judgement Prediction (LJP) systems is of paramount importance in building trustworthy and transparent systems, particularly considering the reliance of these systems on factors that may lack legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Santosh T. Y. S. S , Nina Baumgartner , Matthias Stürmer , Matthias Grabmair , Joel Niklaus

The legal landscape encompasses a wide array of lawsuit types, presenting lawyers with challenges in delivering timely and accurate information to clients, particularly concerning critical aspects like potential imprisonment duration or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jia-Hong Huang , Chao-Chun Yang , Yixian Shen , Alessio M. Pacces , Evangelos Kanoulas

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate the quality of LLM generations and responses, but this leads to significant challenges: high API costs, uncertain reliability, inflexible pipelines, and inherent biases. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tzu-Heng Huang , Harit Vishwakarma , Frederic Sala

As LLM-based agents increasingly operate in high-stakes domains with real-world consequences, ensuring their behavioral safety becomes paramount. The dominant oversight paradigm, LLM-as-a-Judge, faces a fundamental dilemma: how can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Jiayi Zhou , Yang Sheng , Hantao Lou , Yaodong Yang , Jie Fu