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Large language models (LLMs) can perform a new task by merely conditioning on task instructions and a few input-output examples, without optimizing any parameters. This is called In-Context Learning (ICL). In-context Information Extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chaoxu Pang , Yixuan Cao , Qiang Ding , Ping Luo

Reinforcement learning (RL) has substantially improved the ability of large language model (LLM) agents to interact with environments and solve multi-turn tasks. However, effective agentic RL remains challenging: sparse outcome-only rewards…

Sample selection improves the efficiency and effectiveness of machine learning models by providing informative and representative samples. Typically, samples can be modeled as a sample graph, where nodes are samples and edges represent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tianchi Xie , Jiangning Zhu , Guozu Ma , Minzhi Lin , Wei Chen , Weikai Yang , Shixia Liu

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable performance improvement through in-context learning (ICL) by leveraging task-specific examples in the input. However, the mechanisms behind this improvement remain elusive. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Safoora Yousefi , Leo Betthauser , Hosein Hasanbeig , Raphaël Millière , Ida Momennejad

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit outstanding performance in machine translation via in-context learning. In contrast to sentence-level translation, document-level translation (DOCMT) by LLMs based on in-context learning faces two major…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Shaolin Zhu , Deyi Xiong

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) often impose limitations on the length of the text input to ensure the generation of fluent and relevant responses. This constraint restricts their applicability in scenarios involving long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Weizhi Fei , Xueyan Niu , Pingyi Zhou , Lu Hou , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with long-context reasoning, not only due to the quadratic scaling of computational complexity with sequence length but also because of the scarcity and expense of annotating long-context data. There…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Linda He , Jue Wang , Maurice Weber , Shang Zhu , Ben Athiwaratkun , Ce Zhang

Documents exhibit sequential structure at multiple levels of abstraction (e.g., sentences, paragraphs, sections). These abstractions constitute a natural hierarchy for representing the context in which to infer the meaning of words and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-01 Shalini Ghosh , Oriol Vinyals , Brian Strope , Scott Roy , Tom Dean , Larry Heck

Low-resource languages pose a challenge for machine translation with large language models (LLMs), which require large amounts of training data. One potential way to circumvent this data dependence is to rely on LLMs' ability to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Jackson Petty , Jaulie Goe , Tal Linzen

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations play a central role in contemporary financial decision-making. In parallel, Large Language Model (LLM) applications in this domain have primarily emphasized well-defined…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Gabriel Assis , Ayrton Surica , Pedro Kroll , Gabriela Aires , Darian Rabbani , Edson Bollis , Lucas Pellicer , Aline Paes

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning capabilities across diverse applications. In this work, we explore the effectiveness of LLMs for generating realistic synthetic tabular data, identifying key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Jinhee Kim , Taesung Kim , Jaegul Choo

In-context learning (ICL) of large language models has proven to be a surprisingly effective method of learning a new task from only a few demonstrative examples. In this paper, we study the efficacy of ICL from the viewpoint of statistical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-03 Juno Kim , Tai Nakamaki , Taiji Suzuki

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, adapting to new tasks by simply conditioning on demonstrations without parameter updates. Compelling empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that ICL, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Taejong Joo , Diego Klabjan

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance across a wide range of downstream language tasks. Temperature sampling is a commonly used decoding strategy for LLMs' generation process. However, a fixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Shimao Zhang , Yu Bao , Shujian Huang

In-context learning (ICL) is now a common method for teaching large language models (LLMs) new tasks: given labeled examples in the input context, the LLM learns to perform the task without weight updates. Do models guided via ICL infer the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Aaron Mueller , Albert Webson , Jackson Petty , Tal Linzen

The goal of this work is to build a classifier that can identify text complexity within the context of teaching reading to English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. To present language learners with texts that are suitable to their level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 M. Zakaria Kurdi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous in NLP and deep learning. In-Context Learning (ICL) has been suggested as a bridging paradigm between the training-free and fine-tuning LLMs settings. In ICL, an LLM is conditioned to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Jérémie Cabessa , Hugo Hernault , Umer Mushtaq

This thesis tackles the problem of learning efficient representations of complex, structured data with a natural application to web page and element classification. We hypothesise that the context around the element inside the web page is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Cedric Cook

There has recently been considerable interest in incorporating information retrieval into large language models (LLMs). Retrieval from a dynamically expanding external corpus of text allows a model to incorporate current events and can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yanhong Li , David Yunis , David McAllester , Jiawei Zhou

In-context learning, the ability to adapt based on a few examples in the input prompt, is a ubiquitous feature of large language models (LLMs). However, as LLMs' in-context learning abilities continue to improve, understanding this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Can Demircan , Tankred Saanum , Akshay K. Jagadish , Marcel Binz , Eric Schulz