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Causal models with unobserved variables impose nontrivial constraints on the distributions over the observed variables. When a common cause of two variables is unobserved, it is impossible to uncover the causal relation between them without…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-14 Beata Zjawin , Elie Wolfe , Robert W. Spekkens

We present a graphical approach to deriving inequality constraints for directed acyclic graph (DAG) models, where some variables are unobserved. In particular we show that the observed distribution of a discrete model is always restricted…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-09-14 Robin J. Evans

The validity OF a causal model can be tested ONLY IF the model imposes constraints ON the probability distribution that governs the generated data. IN the presence OF unmeasured variables, causal models may impose two types OF constraints :…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Jin Tian , Judea Pearl

When data contains measurement errors, it is necessary to make assumptions relating the observed, erroneous data to the unobserved true phenomena of interest. These assumptions should be justifiable on substantive grounds, but are often…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-24 Noam Finkelstein , Roy Adams , Suchi Saria , Ilya Shpitser

We present a class of inequality constraints on the set of distributions induced by local interventions on variables governed by a causal Bayesian network, in which some of the variables remain unmeasured. We derive bounds on causal effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Changsung Kang , Jin Tian

Deep latent variable models learn condensed representations of data that, hopefully, reflect the inner workings of the studied phenomena. Unfortunately, these latent representations are not statistically identifiable, meaning they cannot be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Stas Syrota , Yevgen Zainchkovskyy , Johnny Xi , Benjamin Bloem-Reddy , Søren Hauberg

The paper concerns the probabilistic evaluation of plans in the presence of unmeasured variables, each plan consisting of several concurrent or sequential actions. We establish a graphical criterion for recognizing when the effects of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Judea Pearl , James M. Robins

Causal discovery from data affected by unobserved variables is an important but difficult problem to solve. The effects that unobserved variables have on the relationships between observed variables are more complex in nonlinear cases than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Takashi Nicholas Maeda , Shohei Shimizu

A general class of models is proposed that is able to estimate the whole predictive distribution of a dependent variable $Y$ given a vector of explanatory variables $\xb$. The models exploit that the strength of explanatory variables to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-25 Gerhard Tutz

A common assumption in causal inference from observational data is that there is no hidden confounding. Yet it is, in general, impossible to verify this assumption from a single dataset. Under the assumption of independent causal mechanisms…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-07 Rickard K. A. Karlsson , Jesse H. Krijthe

A key obstacle in automated analytics and meta-learning is the inability to recognize when different datasets contain measurements of the same variable. Because provided attribute labels are often uninformative in practice, this task may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Jonas Mueller , Alex Smola

Conditions are presented for different types of identifiability of discrete variable models generated over an undirected graph in which one node represents a binary hidden variable. These models can be seen as extensions of the latent class…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-12-12 Elena Stanghellini , Barbara Vantaggi

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with hidden variables are often used to characterize causal relations between variables in a system. When some variables are unobserved, DAGs imply a notoriously complicated set of constraints on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-23 Noam Finkelstein , Beata Zjawin , Elie Wolfe , Ilya Shpitser , Robert W. Spekkens

We consider deep multivariate models for heterogeneous collections of random variables. In the context of computer vision, such collections may e.g. consist of images, segmentations, image attributes, and latent variables. When developing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Dmitrij Schlesinger , Boris Flach , Alexander Shekhovtsov

Directed acyclic graph models with hidden variables have been much studied, particularly in view of their computational efficiency and connection with causal methods. In this paper we provide the circumstances under which it is possible for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-15 Robin J. Evans

Conditional-independence-based discovery uses statistical tests to identify a graphical model that represents the independence structure of variables in a dataset. These tests, however, can be unreliable, and algorithms are sensitive to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Philipp M. Faller , Dominik Janzing

In this paper we investigate the geometry of a discrete Bayesian network whose graph is a tree all of whose variables are binary and the only observed variables are those labeling its leaves. We provide the full geometric description of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-10-20 Piotr Zwiernik , Jim Q. Smith

We introduce a novel generative formulation of deep probabilistic models implementing "soft" constraints on their function dynamics. In particular, we develop a flexible methodological framework where the modeled functions and derivatives…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-19 Marco Lorenzi , Maurizio Filippone

Suppose we observe samples of a subset of a collection of random variables. No additional information is provided about the number of latent variables, nor of the relationship between the latent and observed variables. Is it possible to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-05 Venkat Chandrasekaran , Pablo A. Parrilo , Alan S. Willsky

We extend the learning from demonstration paradigm by providing a method for learning unknown constraints shared across tasks, using demonstrations of the tasks, their cost functions, and knowledge of the system dynamics and control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Glen Chou , Dmitry Berenson , Necmiye Ozay
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