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AI power demand is growing unprecedentedly thanks to the high power density of AI compute and the emerging inferencing workload. On the supply side, abundant wind power is waiting for grid access in interconnection queues. In this light,…

Autoregressive inference in large transformer-based language models (LLMs) presents significant challenges for runtime efficiency, particularly during the decode phase where load imbalance across GPU shards can cause throughput degradation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Javed I. Khan an Henry Uwabor Moye

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

Machine Learning (ML) is profoundly reshaping the way researchers create, implement, and operate data-intensive software. Its adoption, however, introduces notable challenges for computing infrastructures, particularly when it comes to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Lucio Anderlini , Giulio Bianchini , Diego Ciangottini , Stefano Dal Pra , Diego Michelotto , Rosa Petrini , Daniele Spiga

Deep learning (DL) shows its prosperity in a wide variety of fields. The development of a DL model is a time-consuming and resource-intensive procedure. Hence, dedicated GPU accelerators have been collectively constructed into a GPU…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Wei Gao , Qinghao Hu , Zhisheng Ye , Peng Sun , Xiaolin Wang , Yingwei Luo , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

The explosive growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 with 1.8 trillion parameters, demands a fundamental rethinking of data center architecture to ensure scalability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Our work provides a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jesmin Jahan Tithi , Hanjiang Wu , Avishaii Abuhatzera , Fabrizio Petrini

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving an unprecedented increase in the electricity demand of AI data centers, raising emerging challenges for electric power grids. Understanding the characteristics of AI data center…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Xin Chen , Xiaoyang Wang , Ana Colacelli , Matt Lee , Le Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming critical infrastructure for enterprise applications, driving unprecedented demand for GPU-based inference services. A key operational challenge arises from the two-phase nature of LLM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ruihan Lin , Zezhen Ding , Zean Han , Jiheng Zhang

Recent innovation in large language models (LLMs), and their myriad use-cases have rapidly driven up the compute capacity demand for datacenter GPUs. Several cloud providers and other enterprises have made substantial plans of growth in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Pratyush Patel , Esha Choukse , Chaojie Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Brijesh Warrier , Nithish Mahalingam , Ricardo Bianchini

This paper investigates the optimal allocation of large language model (LLM) inference workloads across heterogeneous edge data centers over time. Each data center features on-site renewable generation and faces dynamic electricity prices…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiaming Cheng , Duong Tung Nguyen

Cloud computing, thanks to the pervasiveness of information technologies, provides a foundational environment for developing IT applications, offering organizations virtually unlimited and flexible computing resources on a pay-per-use…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Han Wang , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Steve Uhlig

In the context of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) clouds, the extensive use of Large Language Models (LLMs) often requires efficient management of significant query loads. When providing real-time inference services, several…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yiyuan He , Minxian Xu , Jingfeng Wu , Wanyi Zheng , Kejiang Ye , Chengzhong Xu

As the modern electrical grid shifts towards distributed systems, there is an increasing need for rapid decision-making tools. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies are now pivotal in enhancing the efficiency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 Meiyi Li , Javad Mohammadi

As AI workloads drive increases in datacenter power consumption, accurate GPU power estimation is critical for proactive power management. However, existing power models face a scalability bottleneck not in the modeling techniques…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Kyungmi Lee , Zhiye Song , Eun Kyung Lee , Xin Zhang , Tamar Eilam , Anantha P. Chandrakasan

Artificial intelligence (AI) is driving unprecedented growth in data center (DC) scale and power demand. AI workloads impose highly dynamic, difficult-to-forecast power profiles on the utility grid, creating reliability and stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-06 Sina Mohammadi , Wayne Wang , Marcus Chen I Wada , Rouzbeh Haghighi , Ali Hassan , Hualong Liu , Archit Bhatnagar , Ang Chen , Wencong Su

Large-scale machine learning workloads increasingly rely on multi-GPU systems, yet their performance is often limited by an overlooked component: the CPU. Through a detailed study of modern large language model (LLM) inference and serving…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Euijun Chung , Yuxiao Jia , Aaron Jezghani , Hyesoon Kim

AI data centers (AIDCs) are rapidly increasing electricity demand and associated CO2 emissions, yet they also generate continuous low-grade waste heat. Here, we assess whether this heat can be upgraded by heat pumps to drive direct air…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Zhicong Fang , Boyu Zhang , Jin Shang , Jiaze Ma

The rapid emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has catalyzed Agentic artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous systems integrating perception, reasoning, and action into closed-loop pipelines for continuous adaptation. While unlocking…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Xiaojing Chen , Haiqi Yu , Wei Ni , Dusit Niyato , Ruichen Zhang , Xin Wang , Shunqing Zhang , Shugong Xu

Data centers (DCs) as mission-critical infrastructures are pivotal in powering the growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and the digital economy. The evolution from Internet DC to AI DC has introduced new challenges in operating and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zhiwei Cao , Minghao Li , Feng Lin , Jimin Jia , Yonggang Wen , Jianxiong Yin , Simon See

Extreme-edge scientific applications use machine learning models to analyze sensor data and make real-time decisions. Their stringent latency and throughput requirements demand small batch sizes and require that model weights remain fully…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhenghua Ma , G Abarajithan , Dimitrios Danopoulos , Olivia Weng , Francesco Restuccia , Ryan Kastner