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The increasing energy demands and carbon footprint of large-scale AI require intelligent workload management in globally distributed data centers. Yet progress is limited by the absence of benchmarks that realistically capture the interplay…

Regional data center clusters have flourished in recent years to serve customers in a major city with low latency. The optimal coordination of data centers in a regional cluster has become a pressing issue because of its rising energy…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Shihan Huang , Dongxiang Yan , Yue Chen

Broad adoption of Large Language Models (LLM) demands rapid expansions of cloud LLM inference clusters, leading to accumulation of embodied carbon$-$the emissions from manufacturing and supplying IT assets$-$that mostly concentrate on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Tharindu B. Hewage , Shashikant Ilager , Maria Rodriguez Read , Rajkumar Buyya

Cloud service providers are distributing data centers geographically to minimize energy costs through intelligent workload distribution. With increasing data volumes in emerging cloud workloads, it is critical to factor in the network costs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Ninad Hogade , Sudeep Pasricha , Howard Jay Siegel

Energy requirements for heating and cooling of buildings constitute a major fraction of end use energy consumed. Therefore, it is important to provide the occupant comfort requirements in buildings in an energy efficient manner. However,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-27 Vikas Chandan

Data centers are high power consumers and the energy consumption of data centers keeps on rising in spite of all the efforts for increasing the energy efficiency. The need for energy-awareness in data centers makes the use of power modeling…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-07 Mohsen Karimi , Fahimeh Arab

The energy demand of modern cloud services, particularly those related to generative AI, is increasing at an unprecedented pace. To date, carbon-aware computing strategies have primarily focused on batch process scheduling or…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Philipp Wiesner , Dennis Grinwald , Philipp Weiß , Patrick Wilhelm , Ramin Khalili , Odej Kao

The revolution in artificial intelligence (AI) has brought sustainable challenges in data center management due to the high carbon emissions and short cooling response time associated with high-power density racks. While machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Ruihang Wang , Qingang Zhang , Yonggang Wen , Stuart Kennedy

Energy efficiency has become an important measurement of scheduling algorithms in virtualized data centers. One of the challenges of energy-efficient scheduling algorithms, however, is the trade-off between minimizing energy consumption and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-10-30 Nguyen Quang-Hung , Nam Thoai , Nguyen Thanh Son , Duy-Khanh Le

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

This study presents a benchmarking analysis of the Qualcomm Cloud AI 100 Ultra (QAic) accelerator for large language model (LLM) inference, evaluating its energy efficiency (throughput per watt), performance, and hardware scalability…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Mohammad Firas Sada , John J. Graham , Elham E Khoda , Mahidhar Tatineni , Dmitry Mishin , Rajesh K. Gupta , Rick Wagner , Larry Smarr , Thomas A. DeFanti , Frank Würthwein

Managing energy efficiency under timing constraints is an interesting and big challenge. This work proposes an accurate power model in data centers for time-constrained servers in Cloud computing. This model, as opposed to previous…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Teresa Higuera , José L. Risco-Martín , Patricia Arroba , José L. Ayala

Artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine learning (ML) workloads are an increasingly larger share of the compute workloads in traditional High-Performance Computing (HPC) centers and commercial cloud systems. This has led to changes in…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads drive a rapid expansion of high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures and increase their power and energy demands towards a critical level. AI benchmarks representing state-of-the art workloads…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Martin Mayr , Sebastian Wind , Lukas Schröder , Georg Hager , Harald Köstler , Gerhard Wellein

Due to increased computing use, data centers consume and emit a lot of energy and carbon. These contributions are expected to rise as big data analytics, digitization, and large AI models grow and become major components of daily working…

Throughout its lifecycle, a large language model (LLM) generates a substantially larger carbon footprint during inference than training. LLM inference requests vary in batch size, prompt length, and token generation number, while cloud…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Zhenxiao Fu , Fan Chen , Shan Zhou , Haitong Li , Lei Jiang

Due to their highly parallel multi-cores architecture, GPUs are being increasingly used in a wide range of computationally intensive applications. Compared to CPUs, GPUs can achieve higher performances at accelerating the programs'…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Frédéric Magoulès , Abal-Kassim Cheik Ahamed , Alban Desmaison , Jean-Christophe Léchenet , François Mayer , Haifa Ben Salem , Thomas Zhu

The increasing global emphasis on sustainability and reducing carbon emissions is pushing governments and corporations to rethink their approach to data center design and operation. Given their high energy consumption and exponentially…

The increasing electricity use and reliance on intermittent renewable energy sources challenge power grid management during peak demand, making Demand Response programs and energy conservation measures essential. This research combines…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-12 Vincent Taboga , Hanane Dagdougui

AI's growing compute demand and new datacenter buildouts present major capacity and reliability challenges for the electricity grid, leading to multi-year interconnection delays for new datacenters and bottlenecking AI growth. To ease this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jae-Won Chung , Zhirui Liang , Yanyong Mao , Jiasi Chen , Mosharaf Chowdhury , Vladimir Dvorkin