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Credit risk default prediction remains a cornerstone of risk management in the financial industry. The task involves estimating the likelihood that a borrower will fail to meet debt obligations, an objective critical for lending decisions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Swattik Maiti , Ritik Pratap Singh , Fardina Fathmiul Alam

Credit risk assessment is a crucial aspect of financial decision-making, enabling institutions to predict the likelihood of default and make informed lending decisions. Two prominent methodologies in credit risk modeling are logistic…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-30 Cheng Lee , Hsi Lee

This work is attached to the BRICS 2013 competition. We propose a two-stage model for dealing with the temporal degradation of credit scoring models. This methodology produced motivating results in a 1-year horizon. We anticipate that it…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2014-07-01 Maria Rocha Sousa , João Gama , Manuel J. Silva Gonçalves

Credit default prediction is a tabular learning problem with severe class imbalance, heterogeneous features, and tight latency budgets. Tabular Foundation Models (TFMs) approach this problem through in-context learning, which makes their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Aditya Tanna , Mitul Solanki , Mohamed Bouadi , Nassim Bouarour , Pratinav Seth , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

Machine learning plays an essential role in preventing financial losses in the banking industry. Perhaps the most pertinent prediction task that can result in billions of dollars in losses each year is the assessment of credit risk (i.e.,…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-01-01 Jillian M. Clements , Di Xu , Nooshin Yousefi , Dmitry Efimov

We introduce a novel machine learning model for credit risk by combining tree-boosting with a latent spatio-temporal Gaussian process model accounting for frailty correlation. This allows for modeling non-linearities and interactions among…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-19 Pascal Kündig , Fabio Sigrist

Accurately credit default prediction faces challenges due to imbalanced data and low correlation between features and labels. Existing default prediction studies on the basis of gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT), deep learning…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Yandan Tan , Hongbin Zhu , JieWu , Hongfeng Chai

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are known to play a vital role in economic growth, employment, and innovation. However, they tend to face significant challenges in accessing credit due to limited financial histories, collateral…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-13 Sahab Zandi , Kamesh Korangi , Juan C. Moreno-Paredes , María Óskarsdóttir , Christophe Mues , Cristián Bravo

Temporal credit assignment in reinforcement learning is challenging due to delayed and stochastic outcomes. Monte Carlo targets can bridge long delays between action and consequence but lead to high-variance targets due to stochasticity.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aditya A. Ramesh , Kenny Young , Louis Kirsch , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Meta learning is a promising technique for solving few-shot fault prediction problems, which have attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. Existing meta-learning methods for time series prediction, which predominantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Hai Su , Jiajun Hu , Songsen Yu

Temporal-Difference (TD) learning is a standard and very successful reinforcement learning approach, at the core of both algorithms that learn the value of a given policy, as well as algorithms which learn how to improve policies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Mingde Zhao

Temporal-Difference (TD) learning is a standard and very successful reinforcement learning approach, at the core of both algorithms that learn the value of a given policy, as well as algorithms which learn how to improve policies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Mingde Zhao , Sitao Luan , Ian Porada , Xiao-Wen Chang , Doina Precup

This study conducts a benchmarking study, comparing 23 different statistical and machine learning methods in a credit scoring application. In order to do so, the models' performance is evaluated over four different data sets in combination…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-07-31 Anna Stelzer

Credit scoring is vital in the financial industry, assessing the risk of lending to credit card applicants. Traditional credit scoring methods face challenges with large datasets and data imbalance between creditworthy and non-creditworthy…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Kejian Tong , Zonglin Han , Yanxin Shen , Yujian Long , Yijing Wei

In this work we build a stack of machine learning models aimed at composing a state-of-the-art credit rating and default prediction system, obtaining excellent out-of-sample performances. Our approach is an excursion through the most recent…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-08-05 A. R. Provenzano , D. Trifirò , A. Datteo , L. Giada , N. Jean , A. Riciputi , G. Le Pera , M. Spadaccino , L. Massaron , C. Nordio

Scoring models support decision-making in financial institutions. Their estimation and evaluation are based on the data of previously accepted applicants with known repayment behavior. This creates sampling bias: the available labeled data…

Accurate prediction of loan defaults is a central challenge in credit risk management, particularly in modern financial datasets characterised by nonlinear relationships, class imbalance, and evolving borrower behaviour. Traditional…

Time-series representation learning can extract representations from data with temporal dynamics and sparse labels. When labeled data are sparse but unlabeled data are abundant, contrastive learning, i.e., a framework to learn a latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Heejeong Choi , Pilsung Kang

Across engineering and scientific domains, traditional deep learning (TDL) models perform well when training and test data share the same distribution. However, the dynamic nature of real-world data, broadly termed \textit{data shift},…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Samuel Myren , Nidhi Parikh , Natalie Klein

Microfinance, despite its significant potential for poverty reduction, is facing sustainability hardships due to high default rates. Although many methods in regular finance can estimate credit scores and default probabilities, these…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-12-13 Christian Kurniawan , Xiyu Deng , Adhiraj Chakraborty , Assane Gueye , Niangjun Chen , Yorie Nakahira
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