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Large Language Models (LLMs) still face challenges in tasks requiring understanding implicit instructions and applying common-sense knowledge. In such scenarios, LLMs may require multiple attempts to achieve human-level performance,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hanzhong Zhang , Jibin Yin , Haoyang Wang , Ziwei Xiang

General-purpose agents require fine-grained controls and rich sensory inputs to perform a wide range of tasks. However, this complexity often leads to intractable decision-making. Traditionally, agents are provided with task-specific action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rafael Rodriguez-Sanchez , George Konidaris

Continual learning (CL) refers to a machine learning paradigm that learns continuously without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. Thereby, major difficulty in CL is catastrophic forgetting of preceding tasks, caused by shifts in data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Stella Ho , Ming Liu , Lan Du , Longxiang Gao , Yong Xiang

End-to-end training of Spoken Language Models (SLMs) commonly involves adapting pre-trained text-based Large Language Models (LLMs) to the speech modality through multi-stage training on diverse tasks such as ASR, TTS and spoken question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Chi-Yuan Hsiao , Ke-Han Lu , Kai-Wei Chang , Chih-Kai Yang , Wei-Chih Chen , Hung-yi Lee

This paper addresses the limitations of large language models in understanding long-term context. It proposes a model architecture equipped with a long-term memory mechanism to improve the retention and retrieval of semantic information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yue Xing , Tao Yang , Yijiashun Qi , Minggu Wei , Yu Cheng , Honghui Xin

Temporal context is essential for robotic manipulation because such tasks are inherently non-Markovian, yet mainstream VLA models typically overlook it and struggle with long-horizon, temporally dependent tasks. Cognitive science suggests…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hao Shi , Bin Xie , Yingfei Liu , Lin Sun , Fengrong Liu , Tiancai Wang , Erjin Zhou , Haoqiang Fan , Xiangyu Zhang , Gao Huang

Continual lifelong learning requires an agent or model to learn many sequentially ordered tasks, building on previous knowledge without catastrophically forgetting it. Much work has gone towards preventing the default tendency of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Shawn Beaulieu , Lapo Frati , Thomas Miconi , Joel Lehman , Kenneth O. Stanley , Jeff Clune , Nick Cheney

This paper considers multi-agent embodied question answering (MA-EQA), which aims to query robot teams on what they have seen over a long horizon. In contrast to existing edge resource management methods that emphasize sensing,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Chengyang Li , Shuai Wang , Kejiang Ye , Weijie Yuan , Boyu Zhou , Yik-Chung Wu , Chengzhong Xu , Huseyin Arslan

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities in a multitude of NLP tasks. However, the efficacy of such models to languages other than English is often limited. Prior works have shown that encoder-only models such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Divyanshu Aggarwal , Ashutosh Sathe , Sunayana Sitaram

Agent memory systems must accommodate continuously growing information while supporting efficient, context-aware retrieval for downstream tasks. Abstraction is essential for scaling agent memory, yet it often comes at the cost of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Menglin Xia , Xuchao Zhang , Shantanu Dixit , Paramaguru Harimurugan , Rujia Wang , Victor Ruhle , Robert Sim , Chetan Bansal , Saravan Rajmohan

Large Language Model (LLM) has exhibited strong reasoning ability in text-based contexts across various domains, yet the limitation of context window poses challenges for the model on long-range inference tasks and necessitates a memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mengwei Yuan , Jianan Liu , Jing Yang , Xianyou Li , Weiran Yan , Yichao Wu , Penghao Liang

Learning a set of tasks over time, also known as continual learning (CL), is one of the most challenging problems in artificial intelligence due to catastrophic forgetting. Large language models (LLMs) are often impractical to frequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jaya Krishna Mandivarapu

Multi-agent systems built on Large Language Models (LLMs) show exceptional promise for complex collaborative problem-solving, yet they face fundamental challenges stemming from context window limitations that impair memory consistency, role…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sizhe Yuen , Francisco Gomez Medina , Ting Su , Yali Du , Adam J. Sobey

How to adapt a pre-trained model continuously for sequential tasks with different prediction class labels and domains and finally learn a generalizable model across diverse tasks is a long-lasting challenge. Continual learning (CL) has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Xiaobing Yu , Jin Yang , Xiao Wu , Peijie Qiu , Xiaofeng Liu

LLM agents increasingly rely on memory mechanisms to reuse knowledge from past problem-solving experiences. However, existing methods typically construct memory for a single agent and reuse it with the same underlying model, tightly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yurui Chang , Yiran Wu , Qingyun Wu , Lu Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a landmark achievement in Artificial Intelligence (AI), demonstrating unprecedented proficiency in procedural tasks such as text generation, code completion, and conversational coherence. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Schaun Wheeler , Olivier Jeunen

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have fundamentally reshaped artificial intelligence by integrating external tools and planning capabilities. While memory mechanisms have emerged as the architectural cornerstone of these systems,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jinghao Luo , Yuchen Tian , Chuxue Cao , Ziyang Luo , Hongzhan Lin , Kaixin Li , Chuyi Kong , Ruichao Yang , Jing Ma

LLMs are trained once, then deployed into a world that never stops changing. External memory compensates for this, but most systems manage it explicitly rather than letting it adapt on its own. Biological memory works differently: coupled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Andreas Pattichis , Constantine Dovrolis

Continual learning allows the system to learn and adapt to new tasks while retaining the knowledge acquired from previous tasks. However, deep learning models suffer from catastrophic forgetting of knowledge learned from earlier tasks while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Dupati Srikar Chandra , P. K. Srijith , Dana Rezazadegan , Chris McCarthy

In this paper, we focus on a long-term continual learning (CL) task, where a model learns sequentially from a stream of vast tasks over time, acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information in a manner akin to human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tianyu Huai , Jie Zhou , Yuxuan Cai , Qin Chen , Wen Wu , Xingjiao Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Liang He