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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become widely used for Software Engineering (SE) tasks, spanning from function-level code generation to complex repository-level workflows. However, the high latency of autoregressive inference remains a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yijia Li , Junkai Chen , Xing Hu , Xin Xia

Large language model (LLM) inference often suffers from high decoding latency and limited scalability across heterogeneous edge-cloud environments. Existing speculative decoding (SD) techniques accelerate token generation but remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Fengze Yu , Leshu Li , Brad McDanel , Sai Qian Zhang

Edge-cloud speculative decoding (SD) accelerates inference by having a cloud-based large language model (LLM) that verifies draft tokens generated by a resource-constrained small language model (SLM) at the edge. A central bottleneck is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Payel Bhattacharjee , Fengwei Tian , Meiyu Zhong , Guangyi Zhang , Osvaldo Simeone , Ravi Tandon

Speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive generation by separating token proposal from verification, but most existing approaches are designed for single-node execution and do not scale well to multi-accelerator clusters used for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Junhao He , Feiran You , Hongyang Du

Speculative decoding has emerged as a promising technique for large language model (LLM) inference by accelerating autoregressive decoding via draft-then-verify. This paper studies a new edge scenario with multi-user inference, where draft…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yaodan Xu , Sheng Zhou , Zhisheng Niu

To mitigate the high inference latency stemming from autoregressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs), Speculative Decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm for LLM inference. In each decoding step, this method first drafts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Heming Xia , Zhe Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Peiyi Wang , Yongqi Li , Tao Ge , Tianyu Liu , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

While distributed device-edge speculative decoding enhances resource utilization across heterogeneous nodes, its performance is often bottlenecked by conventional token-level verification strategies. Such rigid alignment leads to excessive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zixuan Liu , Zhiyong Chen , Nan Xue , Shengkang Chen , Jiangchao Yao , Meixia Tao , Wenjun Zhang

This paper introduces Multimodal Speculative Decoding (MSD) to accelerate Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) inference. Speculative decoding has been shown to accelerate Large Language Models (LLMs) without sacrificing accuracy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Luxi Lin , Zhihang Lin , Zhanpeng Zeng , Rongrong Ji

Speculative decoding has emerged as a pivotal technique to accelerate LLM inference by employing a lightweight draft model to generate candidate tokens that are subsequently verified by the target model in parallel. However, while this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Yuetao Chen , Xuliang Wang , Xinzhou Zheng , Ming Li , Peng Wang , Hong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential in advancing natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but their sequential token generation limits inference speed. Multi-Draft Speculative Decoding (MDSD) offers a promising solution by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ryan Sun , Tianyi Zhou , Xun Chen , Lichao Sun

Modern autoregressive speech synthesis models leveraging language models have demonstrated remarkable performance. However, the sequential nature of next token prediction in these models leads to significant latency, hindering their…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zijian Lin , Yang Zhang , Yougen Yuan , Yuming Yan , Jinjiang Liu , Zhiyong Wu , Pengfei Hu , Qun Yu

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model inference by using smaller draft models to generate candidate tokens for parallel verification. However, current approaches are limited by sequential stage dependencies that prevent full…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Bradley McDanel , Sai Qian Zhang , Yunhai Hu , Zining Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, but their increasing parameter sizes significantly slow down inference. Speculative decoding mitigates this issue by leveraging a smaller draft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kuan-Wei Lu , Ding-Yong Hong , Pangfeng Liu , Jan-Jan Wu

Speculative decoding has rapidly emerged as a leading approach for accelerating language model (LM) inference, as it offers substantial speedups while yielding identical outputs. This relies upon a small draft model, tasked with predicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Miles Williams , Young D. Kwon , Rui Li , Alexandros Kouris , Stylianos I. Venieris

Large language models (LLMs) have shown outstanding performance across numerous real-world tasks. However, the autoregressive nature of these models makes the inference process slow and costly. Speculative decoding has emerged as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zongyue Qin , Zifan He , Neha Prakriya , Jason Cong , Yizhou Sun

The growth in the number of parameters of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a significant surge in computational requirements, making them challenging and costly to deploy. Speculative decoding (SD) leverages smaller models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Matthieu Zimmer , Milan Gritta , Gerasimos Lampouras , Haitham Bou Ammar , Jun Wang

Speculative Decoding promises to accelerate the inference of Large Language Models, yet its efficacy often degrades in production-grade serving. Existing evaluations typically overlook the compute-bound nature of high-concurrency regimes,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xinyi Hu , Yuhao Shen , Baolin Zhang , Hengxin Zhang , Jun Dai , Shuang Ge , Lei Chen , Yue Li , Mingcheng Wan

Large language models achieve strong machine translation quality but incur high inference cost and latency, posing challenges for simultaneous translation. Re-translation provides a practical solution for off-the-shelf LLMs by repeatedly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Linxiao Zeng , Haoyun Deng , Kangyuan Shu , Shizhen Wang

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model inference by employing a faster draft model for generating multiple tokens, which are then verified in parallel by the larger target model, resulting in the text generated according…

Speculative decoding has been shown as an effective way to accelerate Large Language Model (LLM) inference by using a Small Speculative Model (SSM) to generate candidate tokens in a so-called speculation phase, which are subsequently…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Fahao Chen , Peng Li , Tom H. Luan , Zhou Su , Jing Deng