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The text-to-SQL task is an active challenge in Natural Language Processing. Many existing solutions focus on using black-box language models extended with specialized components within customized end-to-end text-to-SQL pipelines. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Alicja Rączkowska , Riccardo Belluzzo , Piotr Zieliński , Joanna Baran , Paweł Olszewski

Text-to-SQL converts natural language questions into executable SQL queries, enabling non-technical users to access relational databases for analytics and intelligent data services. In real-world scenarios, performance is often constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tianhao Qiu , Xiaojun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) consistently achieve strong results on text-to-SQL benchmarks, but their robustness to schema variations remains poorly understood. Recent work suggests that the schema structure matters, but does not provide a…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Nitin Kanchinadam , Aditya Menachery , Amol Deshpande

The capability gap between open-source and closed-source large language models (LLMs) remains a challenge in text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we introduce a synthetic data approach that combines data produced by larger, more powerful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jiaxi Yang , Binyuan Hui , Min Yang , Jian Yang , Junyang Lin , Chang Zhou

The data-centric paradigm has emerged as a pivotal direction in artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing the role of high-quality training data. This shift is especially critical in the Text-to-SQL task, where the scarcity, limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qifeng Cai , Hao Liang , Chang Xu , Tao Xie , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Large Language Model-based (LLM-based) Text-to-SQL methods have achieved important progress in generating SQL queries for real-world applications. When confronted with table content-aware questions in real-world scenarios, ambiguous data…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Wenbo Xu , Liang Yan , Chuanyi Liu , Peiyi Han , Haifeng Zhu , Yong Xu , Yingwei Liang , Bob Zhang

Text-to-SQL translates natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL) commands, enabling users to interact with databases using natural language. Essentially, the text-to-SQL task is a text generation task, and its…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaohu Zhu , Qian Li , Lizhen Cui , Yongkang Liu

Interacting with relational databases through natural language helps users of any background easily query and analyze a vast amount of data. This requires a system that understands users' questions and converts them to SQL queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Tao Yu , Zifan Li , Zilin Zhang , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

Translating natural language questions into SQL queries, known as text-to-SQL, is a long-standing research problem. Effective text-to-SQL synthesis can become very challenging due to (i) the extensive size of database catalogs (descriptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Shayan Talaei , Mohammadreza Pourreza , Yu-Chen Chang , Azalia Mirhoseini , Amin Saberi

Text-to-SQL is a technology that converts natural language queries into the structured query language SQL. A novel research approach that has recently gained attention focuses on methods based on the complexity of SQL queries, achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiawen Yi , Guo Chen , Zixiang Shen

Evaluating Text-to-SQL agents in private business intelligence (BI) settings is challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, domain-specific data. While synthetic evaluation data offers a scalable solution, existing generation methods fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jinhui Liu , Ximeng Zhang , Yanbo Ai , Zhou Yu

Recent advancements in Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) emphasize stimulating the large language models (LLM) on in-context learning, achieving significant results. Nevertheless, they face challenges when dealing with verbose database information and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhishuai Li , Xiang Wang , Jingjing Zhao , Sun Yang , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Bin Zhang , Yuxiao Ye , Ziyue Li , Rui Zhao , Hangyu Mao

Automatic SQL generation has been an active research area, aiming at streamlining the access to databases by writing natural language with the given intent instead of writing SQL. Current SOTA methods for semantic parsing depend on LLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Samuel Arcadinho , David Aparício , Hugo Veiga , António Alegria

Robust text-to-SQL over complex, real-world databases remains brittle even with modern LLMs: iterative refinement often introduces syntactic and semantic drift, corrections tend to be non-transferable across queries, and naive use of large…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Isabelle Mohr , Joao Gandarela , John Dujany , Andre Freitas

The ability to generate SQL queries from natural language has significant implications for making data accessible to non-specialists. This paper presents a novel approach to fine-tuning open-source large language models (LLMs) for the task…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Amine Rebei

Text-to-SQL aims to convert natural language questions into executable SQL queries. While previous approaches, such as skeleton-masked selection, have demonstrated strong performance by retrieving similar training examples to guide large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jimin Lee , Ingeol Baek , Byeongjeong Kim , Hyunkyung Bae , Hwanhee Lee

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has undergone transformative changes with the advent of deep learning methodologies. One challenge persistently confronting researchers is the scarcity of high-quality, annotated datasets that drive these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Sia Gholami , Marwan Omar

The Text-to-SQL task translates natural language questions into SQL queries, enabling intuitive database interaction for non-experts. While recent methods leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance, their reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shengmin Piao , Jieun Lee , Sanghyun Park

NoSQL databases have become increasingly popular due to their outstanding performance in handling large-scale, unstructured, and semi-structured data, highlighting the need for user-friendly interfaces to bridge the gap between…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jinwei Lu , Yuanfeng Song , Zhiqian Qin , Haodi Zhang , Chen Zhang , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

Data augmentation has attracted a lot of research attention in the deep learning era for its ability in alleviating data sparseness. The lack of labeled data for unseen evaluation databases is exactly the major challenge for cross-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Kun Wu , Lijie Wang , Zhenghua Li , Ao Zhang , Xinyan Xiao , Hua Wu , Min Zhang , Haifeng Wang