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Translating natural language questions into SQL has become a core challenge in enabling non-technical users to query databases. While recent work has explored large-scale synthetic data generation to improve model performance through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Mehmet Serhat Çelik , Özgür Ulusoy

Evaluating text-to-SQL systems remains largely fragile: correctness is typically judged by executing predicted and gold SQL queries on a single static database, even though the same queries may behave differently under alternative database…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mohammadamin Habibollah , Davood Rafiei

Text-to-SQL, the task of translating natural language questions into SQL queries, plays a crucial role in enabling non-experts to interact with databases. While recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Haoyang Li , Shang Wu , Xiaokang Zhang , Xinmei Huang , Jing Zhang , Fuxin Jiang , Shuai Wang , Tieying Zhang , Jianjun Chen , Rui Shi , Hong Chen , Cuiping Li

Text-to-SQL generation bridges the gap between natural language and databases, enabling users to query data without requiring SQL expertise. While large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field, challenges remain in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ganesh Parab , Zishan Ahmad , Dagnachew Birru

Text-to-SQL generation aims to translate natural language questions into SQL statements. In Text-to-SQL based on large language models, schema linking is a widely adopted strategy to streamline the input for LLMs by selecting only relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Zhenbiao Cao , Yuanlei Zheng , Zhihao Fan , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen , Xiang Bai

Text-to-SQL bridges the gap between natural language and structured database language, thus allowing non-technical users to easily query databases. Traditional approaches model text-to-SQL as a direct translation task, where a given Natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anurag Tripathi , Vaibhav Patle , Abhinav Jain , Ayush Pundir , Sairam Menon , Ajeet Kumar Singh , Dorien Herremans

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Text-to-SQL systems enable users to query databases using natural language, democratizing access to data analytics. However, they face challenges in understanding ambiguous phrasing, domain-specific vocabulary, and complex schema…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Tetiana Gladkykh , Kyrylo Kirykov

The text-to-SQL problem aims to translate natural language questions into SQL statements to ease the interaction between database systems and end users. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in a…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chen Shen , Jin Wang , Sajjadur Rahman , Eser Kandogan

Database research and the development of learned query optimisers rely heavily on realistic SQL workloads. Acquiring real-world queries is increasingly difficult, however, due to strict privacy regulations, and publicly released anonymised…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kahan Mehta , Amit Mankodi

Large language models (LLMs) with in-context learning have significantly improved the performance of text-to-SQL task. Previous works generally focus on using exclusive SQL generation prompt to improve the LLMs' reasoning ability. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Zhenhe Wu , Zhongqiu Li , Jie Zhang , Mengxiang Li , Yu Zhao , Ruiyu Fang , Zhongjiang He , Xuelong Li , Zhoujun Li , Shuangyong Song

Text-to-SQL aims at generating SQL queries for the given natural language questions and thus helping users to query databases. Prompt learning with large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a recent approach, which designs prompts to lead…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Chunxi Guo , Zhiliang Tian , Jintao Tang , Shasha Li , Zhihua Wen , Kaixuan Wang , Ting Wang

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases using natural language, simplifying the retrieval and synthesis of information. Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) in translating natural language questions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Gyubok Lee , Woosog Chay , Seonhee Cho , Edward Choi

LLMs when used with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), are greatly improving the SOTA of translating natural language queries to structured and correct SQL. Unlike previous reviews, this survey provides a comprehensive study of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ali Mohammadjafari , Anthony S. Maida , Raju Gottumukkala

Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did…

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced text-to-SQL systems. However, most LLM-based methods often narrowly focus on SQL generation, neglecting the complexities of real-world conversational queries.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Ziming Guo , Chao Ma , Yinggang Sun , Tiancheng Zhao , Guangyao Wang , Hai Huang

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases through natural language, simplifying access to structured data. Although highly capable large language models (LLMs) achieve strong accuracy for complex queries, they incur unnecessary…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Mohammadhossein Malekpour , Nour Shaheen , Foutse Khomh , Amine Mhedhbi

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized Text-to-SQL generation, allowing users to query structured data using natural language with growing ease. Yet, real-world deployment remains challenging, especially in complex or unseen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Smit Jivani , Sarvam Maheshwari , Sunita Sarawagi

Translating users' natural language queries (NL) into SQL queries (i.e., Text-to-SQL, a.k.a. NL2SQL) can significantly reduce barriers to accessing relational databases and support various commercial applications. The performance of…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Xinyu Liu , Shuyu Shen , Boyan Li , Peixian Ma , Runzhi Jiang , Yuxin Zhang , Ju Fan , Guoliang Li , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Translating natural language into SQL (Text-to-SQL) remains a core challenge at the intersection of language understanding and structured data access. Although large language models (LLMs) have improved fluency, generating correct and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kushal Gajjar , Harshit Sikchi , Arpit Singh Gautam , Marc Hammons , Saurabh Jha
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