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Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents are increasingly deployed to interact with online web services, yet their exposure to open-world content renders them vulnerable to Environmental Injection Attacks (EIAs). In these attacks, an attacker…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yitong Zhang , Ximo Li , Liyi Cai , Jia Li

Developing full-stack web applications is complex and time-intensive, demanding proficiency across diverse technologies and frameworks. Although recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) enable automated webpage generation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yuxuan Wan , Tingshuo Liang , Jiakai Xu , Jingyu Xiao , Yintong Huo , Michael R. Lyu

In this work we create agents that can perform well beyond a single, individual task, that exhibit much wider generalisation of behaviour to a massive, rich space of challenges. We define a universe of tasks within an environment domain and…

Recent advances in computing systems have led to a new digital era in which every area of life is nearly interrelated with information technology. However, with the trend towards large-scale IT systems, a new challenge has emerged. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-02-14 Youssef Bassil , Mohammad Alwani

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at function-level code generation, project-level tasks such as generating functional and visually aesthetic multi-page websites remain highly challenging. Existing works are often limited to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Juyong Jiang , Chenglin Cai , Chansung Park , Jiasi Shen , Sunghun Kim , Jianguo Li , Yue Wang

To close the gap between LLM-based agents and humans in planning and reasoning, agents need large-scale, diverse environments for continuous learning -- yet building such environments is itself prohibitively expensive. We present C-World,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ziqiao Xi , Shuang Liang , Qi Liu , Jiaqing Zhang , Letian Peng , Fang Nan , Meshal Nayim , Tianhui Zhang , Rishika Mundada , Lianhui Qin , Biwei Huang , Kun Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) for web agents demands environments that are both effective for evaluation and efficient enough for large-scale on-policy training. Current web environments fall short: server-side Docker setups are too…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuxuan Lu , Ziyi Wang , Jing Huang , Hui Liu , Jiri Gesi , Yan Han , Shihan Fu , Tianqi Zheng , Xianfeng Tang , Chen Luo , Yisi Sang , Jin Lai , Dakuo Wang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) action grounding is a critical step in GUI automation that maps language instructions to actionable elements on GUI screens. Most recent works of GUI action grounding leverage large GUI datasets to fine-tune…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yue Fan , Handong Zhao , Ruiyi Zhang , Yu Shen , Xin Eric Wang , Gang Wu

Personalized learning represents a promising educational strategy within intelligent educational systems, aiming to enhance learners' practice efficiency. However, the discrepancy between offline metrics and online performance significantly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Weibo Gao , Qi Liu , Linan Yue , Fangzhou Yao , Rui Lv , Zheng Zhang , Hao Wang , Zhenya Huang

Multimodal large language models are evolving toward multimodal agents capable of proactively executing tasks. Most agent research focuses on GUI or embodied scenarios, which correspond to agents interacting with 2D virtual worlds or 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Longrong Yang , Zhixiong Zeng , Yufeng Zhong , Jing Huang , Liming Zheng , Lei Chen , Haibo Qiu , Zequn Qin , Lin Ma , Xi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming artificial intelligence, enabling autonomous agents to perform diverse tasks across various domains. These agents, proficient in human-like text comprehension and generation, have the potential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Saikat Barua

Graphical User Interface (GUI) is ubiquitous in almost all modern desktop software, mobile applications, and online websites. A good GUI design is crucial to the success of the software in the market, but designing a good GUI which requires…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Tianming Zhao , Chunyang Chen , Yuanning Liu , Xiaodong Zhu

The recent progress of large language model agents has opened new possibilities for automating tasks through graphical user interfaces (GUIs), especially in mobile environments where intelligent interaction can greatly enhance usability.…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to solve a wide range of practical tasks within multi-agent systems. However, existing human-designed multi-agent frameworks are typically limited to a small set of pre-defined…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yaolun Zhang , Xiaogeng Liu , Chaowei Xiao

Usability testing is a fundamental research method that user experience (UX) researchers use to evaluate and iterate their new designs. But what about evaluating and iterating the usability testing study design itself? Recent advances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yuxuan Lu , Bingsheng Yao , Hansu Gu , Jing Huang , Jessie Wang , Yang Li , Jiri Gesi , Qi He , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Dakuo Wang

State-of-the-art multimodal web agents, powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), can autonomously execute many web tasks by processing user instructions and interacting with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Current strategies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Gaurav Verma , Rachneet Kaur , Nishan Srishankar , Zhen Zeng , Tucker Balch , Manuela Veloso

Generative models trained on internet data have revolutionized how text, image, and video content can be created. Perhaps the next milestone for generative models is to simulate realistic experience in response to actions taken by humans,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Sherry Yang , Yilun Du , Kamyar Ghasemipour , Jonathan Tompson , Leslie Kaelbling , Dale Schuurmans , Pieter Abbeel

Large language model (LLM)-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capability to interact directly with mobile phone Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) and their potential to autonomously manage daily tasks. Despite their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Luyuan Wang , Yongyu Deng , Yiwei Zha , Guodong Mao , Qinmin Wang , Tianchen Min , Wei Chen , Shoufa Chen

Most web agents operate at the human interface level, observing screenshots or raw DOM trees without application-level access, which limits robustness and action expressiveness. In enterprise settings, however, explicit control of both the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Chenyang Ma , Clyde Fare , Matthew Wilson , Dave Braines

Large language models (LLMs) have recently gained much attention in building autonomous agents. However, the performance of current LLM-based web agents in long-horizon tasks is far from optimal, often yielding errors such as repeatedly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Hyungjoo Chae , Namyoung Kim , Kai Tzu-iunn Ong , Minju Gwak , Gwanwoo Song , Jihoon Kim , Sunghwan Kim , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo