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A key challenge in enzyme annotation is identifying the biochemical reactions catalyzed by proteins. Most existing methods rely on Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers as intermediaries: they first predict an EC number and then retrieve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zhenkun Shi , Jun Zhu , Dehang Wang , BoYu Chen , Qianqian Yuan , Zhitao Mao , Fan Wei , Weining Wu , Xiaoping Liao , Hongwu Ma

Prediction of complete step-by-step chemical reaction mechanisms (CRMs) remains a major challenge. Whereas the traditional approaches in CRM tasks rely on expert-driven experiments or costly quantum chemical computations, contemporary deep…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Manajit Das , Ajnabiul Hoque , Mayank Baranwal , Raghavan B. Sunoj

Predicting chemical reactions, a fundamental challenge in chemistry, involves forecasting the resulting products from a given reaction process. Conventional techniques, notably those employing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), are often limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Yaorui Shi , An Zhang , Enzhi Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Xiang Wang

Transformer-based deep neural networks have revolutionized the field of molecular-related prediction tasks by treating molecules as symbolic sequences. These models have been successfully applied in various organic chemical applications by…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Tatsuya Sagawa , Ryosuke Kojima

It is fundamental for science and technology to be able to predict chemical reactions and their properties. To achieve such skills, it is important to develop good representations of chemical reactions, or good deep learning architectures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Mohammadamin Tavakoli , Alexander Shmakov , Francesco Ceccarelli , Pierre Baldi

A chemical reaction mechanism (CRM) is a sequence of molecular-level events involving bond-breaking/forming processes, generating transient intermediates along the reaction pathway as reactants transform into products. Understanding such…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Ajnabiul Hoque , Manajit Das , Mayank Baranwal , Raghavan B. Sunoj

The integration of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) into chemistry promises to revolutionize scientific discovery, yet their ability to comprehend the dense, graphical language of reactions within authentic literature remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Hanzheng Li , Xi Fang , Yixuan Li , Chaozheng Huang , Junjie Wang , Xi Wang , Hongzhe Bai , Bojun Hao , Shenyu Lin , Huiqi Liang , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke

Accurately predicting chemical reactions is essential for driving innovation in synthetic chemistry, with broad applications in medicine, manufacturing, and agriculture. At the same time, reaction prediction is a complex problem which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Ryan J. Miller , Alexander E. Dashuta , Brayden Rudisill , David Van Vranken , Pierre Baldi

Reaction diagram parsing is the task of extracting reaction schemes from a diagram in the chemistry literature. The reaction diagrams can be arbitrarily complex, thus robustly parsing them into structured data is an open challenge. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Yujie Qian , Jiang Guo , Zhengkai Tu , Connor W. Coley , Regina Barzilay

The reaction center consists of atoms in the product whose local properties are not identical to the corresponding atoms in the reactants. Prior studies on reaction center identification are mainly on semi-templated retrosynthesis methods.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Zixun Lan , Zuo Zeng , Binjie Hong , Zhenfu Liu , Fei Ma

Recent advances in reaction prediction have achieved near-saturated accuracy on standard benchmarks (e.g., USPTO), yet most state-of-the-art models formulate the task as a one-shot mapping from reactants to products, offering limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yili Shen , Xiangliang Zhang

Reaction prediction, a critical task in synthetic chemistry, is to predict the outcome of a reaction based on given reactants. Generative models like Transformer have typically been employed to predict the reaction product. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Taicheng Guo , Changsheng Ma , Xiuying Chen , Bozhao Nan , Kehan Guo , Shichao Pei , Nitesh V. Chawla , Olaf Wiest , Xiangliang Zhang

In recent years, self-supervised learning has emerged as a powerful tool to harness abundant unlabelled data for representation learning and has been broadly adopted in diverse areas. However, when applied to molecular representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Han Tang , Shikun Feng , Bicheng Lin , Yuyan Ni , JIngjing Liu , Wei-Ying Ma , Yanyan Lan

The study of structure-spectrum relationships is essential for spectral interpretation, impacting structural elucidation and material design. Predicting spectra from molecular structures is challenging due to their complex relationships.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-08-29 Fanjie Xu , Wentao Guo , Feng Wang , Lin Yao , Hongshuai Wang , Fujie Tang , Zhifeng Gao , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Zhong-Qun Tian , Jun Cheng

Chemical reaction prediction is pivotal for accelerating drug discovery and synthesis planning. Despite advances in data-driven models, current approaches are hindered by an overemphasis on parameter and dataset scaling. Some methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Ran Li , Shimin Di , Haowei LI , Luanshi Bu , Jiachuan Wang , Wangze Ni , Lei Chen

Reaction diagram parsing (RxnDP) is critical for extracting chemical synthesis information from literature. Although recent Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm to automate this complex visual reasoning task,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jiahe Song , Chuang Wang , Yinfan Wang , Hao Zheng , Rui Nie , Bowen Jiang , Xingjian Wei , Junyuan Gao , Yubin Wang , Bin Wang , Lijun Wu , Jiang Wu , Qian Yu , Conghui He

State-of-the-art models represent proteins and molecules in separate embedding manifolds, limiting the modeling of systemic biological processes. We introduce ReactEmbed, a lightweight, plug-and-play module that bridges this gap. ReactEmbed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Amitay Sicherman , Kira Radinsky

Deep learning-based reaction predictors have undergone significant architectural evolution. However, their reliance on reactions from the US Patent Office results in a lack of interpretable predictions and limited generalization capability…

Organic synthesis stands as a cornerstone of the chemical industry. The development of robust machine learning models to support tasks associated with organic reactions is of significant interest. However, current methods rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Kaipeng Zeng , Xianbin Liu , Yu Zhang , Xiaokang Yang , Yaohui Jin , Yanyan Xu

Commonly-used transformer language models depend on a tokenization schema which sets an unchangeable subword vocabulary prior to pre-training, destined to be applied to all downstream tasks regardless of domain shift, novel word formations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Yuval Pinter , Amanda Stent , Mark Dredze , Jacob Eisenstein
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