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The upper-mid band (7-24 GHz), designated as Frequency Range 3 (FR3), has emerged as a definitive ``golden band" for 6G networks, strategically balancing the wide coverage of sub-6 GHz with the high capacity of mmWave. To compensate for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-10 Pan Tang , Huixin Xu , Jianhua Zhang , Ximan Liu , Enrui Liu , Haiyang Miao , Xiaodong Sun , Wei Jiang , Guangyi Liu

Modern MIMO communication systems are almost exclusively designed under the assumption of locally plane wavefronts over antenna arrays. This is known as the far-field approximation and is soundly justified at sub-6-GHz frequencies at most…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Giacomo Bacci , Luca Sanguinetti , Emil Björnson

Extensive work has been carried out in the past year by various organizations in an effort to determine standardized statistical channel impulse response (CIR) parameters for the newly-released FR3 mid-band spectrum (7.25 GHz -- 24.25 GHz).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Theodore S. Rappaport , Dipankar Shakya , Mingjun Ying

Multi-antenna technologies such as massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (massive MIMO) and beamforming are key features to enhance performance, in terms of capacity and coverage, by using a large number of antennas intelligently. With the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Jalal Rachad , Ridha Nasri , Laurent Decreusefond

This work presents an experimental study of Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) channel performance in indoor radio propagation environment. Indoor channel measurements at 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band have been performed using a versatile…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-09-20 Constantinos I. Votis , Vasilis Christofilakis , Panos Kostarakis

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is regarded as a promising technology for next-generation communication systems. However, this will expand the near-field (NF) range, rendering more users more likely to be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Zihang Ding , Jianhua Zhang , Changsheng You , Pan Tang , Hongbo Xing , Zhiqiang Yuan , Jie Meng , Guangyi Liu

This paper explores the integration of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) with gigantic multiple-input multiple-output (gMIMO) technology operating in the upper mid-band frequency range (7-24 GHz). The near-field…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Özlem Tugfe Demir , Mustafa Ozger , Ferdi Kara , Woong-Hee Lee , Emil Björnson

This paper explores the integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) into cell-free massive multiple-input-multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) networks operating in FR1 and FR3 frequency bands. We present a comprehensive framework for…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Alejandro de la Fuente , Fernando Galindo , Uriel García-Bárbulo , Sandra-Noemy Arana-Alegre , Jan García-Morales

We today live in the era of dynamic and mobile wireless enabled platforms. This kind of stringent communication capability in the face of volatile and turbulent mobility demands a fresh look at physical layer in general and antenna design…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-02-08 Malay Ranjan Tripathy , Priya Ranjan

This paper presents comprehensive findings on the characterization of Indoor Hotspot channel parameters, derived from an extensive experimental campaign conducted at 6.9, 8.3, and 14.5 GHz in a commercial office building. Extensive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-02 O. Kanhere , K. F. Nieman , S. S. Ghassemzadeh

The "near-field" propagation modeling of wireless channels is necessary to support sixth-generation (6G) technologies, such as intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), that are enabled by large aperture antennas and higher frequency carriers.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Navneet Agrawal , Ehsan Tohidi , Renato L. G. Cavalcante , Sławomir Stańczak

In past 802.11 systems there is a single Radio Frequency (RF) chain on the Wi-Fi device. Multiple antennas use the same hardware to process the radio signal. So only one antenna can transmit or receive at a time as all radio signals need to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2012-08-21 M. D. Sirajul Huque , C. Surekha , S. Pavan Kumar Reddy , Vidhisha Yadav

Multi-band sensing has emerged as a key enabler of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), one of the six primary usage scenarios defined for IMT-2030 (6G). The introduction of frequency range 3 (FR3, 7-24 GHz), comprising…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Dexin Wang , Roberto Bomfin , Ahmad Bazzi , Marwa Chafii

Future wireless communication systems are envisioned to support ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC), which will enable new applications such as compute offloading, wireless real-time control, and reliable monitoring.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Christian Nelson , Sara Willhammar , Fredrik Tufvesson

In this paper, we present detailed low-altitude channel measurements at the FR3 band in an outdoor campus environment. Using a time-domain channel sounder system, we conduct two types of measurements: path loss measurements by moving the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-17 Yulu Guo , Tongjia Zhang , Xiangwen Gu , Shu Sun , Meixia Tao , Ruifeng Gao

Cell-free widely distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems utilize radio units spread out over a large geographical area. The radio signal of a user equipment (UE) is coherently detected by a subset of radio units…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-31 David Löschenbrand , Markus Hofer , Laura Bernadó , Stefan Zelenbaba , Thomas Zemen

Indoor environments present a significant challenge for wireless connectivity, as immense data demand strains traditional solutions. Public Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), utilizing outdoor macro base stations (BSs), suffer from poor…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Joshua Roy Palathinkal , Muhammad Iqbal Rochman , Vanlin Sathya , Mehmet Yavuz , Monisha Ghosh

Future sixth-generation (6G) networks are envisioned to provide both sensing and communications functionalities by using densely deployed base stations (BSs) with massive antennas operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz).…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Haocheng Hua , Jie Xu

The next generations of wireless networks will work in frequency bands ranging from sub-6 GHz up to 100 GHz. Radio signal propagation differs here in several critical aspects from the behaviour in the microwave frequencies currently used.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-17 Farasatul Adnan , Valon Blakaj , Sendy Phang , Thomas M. Antonsen , Stephen C. Creagh , Gabriele Gradoni , Gregor Tanner

Millimeter-wave multi-input multi-output (mm-Wave MIMO) systems are one of the candidate schemes for 5G wireless standardization efforts. In this context, the main contributions of this article are three-fold. 1) We describe parallel sets…