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In this paper, we study the problem of reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems where communication among agents is limited. We develop a decentralized actor-critic learning framework in which each agent performs several local updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Xiaoxing Ren , Nicola Bastianello , Thomas Parisini , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

Qualitative reasoning involves expressing and deriving knowledge based on qualitative terms such as natural language expressions, rather than strict mathematical quantities. Well over 40 qualitative calculi have been proposed so far, mostly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 George Baryannis , Ilias Tachmazidis , Sotiris Batsakis , Grigoris Antoniou , Mario Alviano , Emmanuel Papadakis

Recent advances in generalist multi-agent systems (MAS) have largely followed a context-engineering plus centralized paradigm, where a planner agent coordinates multiple worker agents through unidirectional prompt passing. While effective…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xinxing Ren , Caelum Forder , Qianbo Zang , Ahsen Tahir , Roman J. Georgio , Suman Deb , Peter Carroll , Önder Gürcan , Zekun Guo

This paper presents the Artificial Agency Program (AAP), a position and research agenda for building AI systems as reality embedded, resource-bounded agents whose development is driven by curiosity-as-learning-progress under physical and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Richard Csaky

In this paper, we consider the cooperative output regulation problem for heterogeneous linear multi-agent systems in the presence of communication constraints. Under standard assumptions on the agents dynamics, we propose a distributed…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-10-06 Abdelkader Abdessameud , Abdelhamid Tayebi

This paper provides an in-depth technical analysis and implementation methodology of the open-source Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol developed by Google and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduced by Anthropic. While the evolution of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Cheonsu Jeong

Industry practitioners and academic researchers regularly use multi-agent systems to accelerate their work, but the applications through which users operate these systems do not provide a simple, unified mechanism for scalably managing…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Christopher J. Agostino , Nayan D'Souza

This paper addresses a fundamental question of multi-agent knowledge distribution: what information should be sent to whom and when, with the limited resources available to each agent? Communication requirements for multi-agent systems can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Michael C. Fowler , T. Charles Clancy , Ryan K. Williams

Our computing ecosystem is being transformed by two emerging paradigms: the increased deployment of agentic AI systems and advancements in quantum computing. With respect to agentic AI systems, one of the most critical problems is creating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sepideh Avizheh , Tushin Mallick , Alina Oprea , Cristina Nita-Rotaru , Reihaneh Safavi-Naini

Current communication technologies face limitations in terms of theoretical capacity, spectrum availability, and power resources. Pragmatic communication, leveraging terminal intelligence for selective data transmission, offers resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Jiaxuan Li , Minxi Yang , Dahua Gao , Wenlong Xu , Guangming Shi

Large language model (LLM) agents face a structural tension: cloud agents provide strong reasoning but expose user data, while on-device agents preserve privacy at the cost of overall capability. Existing device-cloud designs treat this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Liangqi Yuan , Wenzhi Fang , Shiqiang Wang , Christopher G. Brinton

There is a fundamental trade-off between the communication cost and latency in information aggregation. Aggregating multiple communication messages over time can alleviate overhead and improve energy efficiency on one hand, but inevitably…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Chi-Kin Chau , Majid Khonji , Muhammad Aftab

To complete assignments provided by humans in natural language, robots must interpret commands, generate and answer relevant questions for scene understanding, and manipulate target objects. Real-world deployments often require multiple…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Xiaopan Zhang , Zejin Wang , Zhixu Li , Jianpeng Yao , Jiachen Li

Language Model (LM) agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving tasks that require multiple interactions with the environment. However, they remain vulnerable in environments where a single error often leads to irrecoverable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jongwon Jeong , Jungtaek Kim , Kangwook Lee

Efficient communication can enhance the overall performance of collaborative multi-agent reinforcement learning. A common approach is to share observations through full communication, leading to significant communication overhead. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Dongkun Huo , Huateng Zhang , Yixue Hao , Yuanlin Ye , Long Hu , Rui Wang , Min Chen

Recent studies have shown that introducing communication between agents can significantly improve overall performance in cooperative Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, existing communication schemes often require agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Sai Qian Zhang , Jieyu Lin , Qi Zhang

Research on agent communication languages has typically taken the speech acts paradigm as its starting point. Despite their manifest attractions, speech-act models of communication have several serious disadvantages as a foundation for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-11-02 R. H. Bordini , A. F. Moreira , R. Vieira , M. Wooldridge

The remarkable capabilities of Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agents have enabled sophisticated systems to tackle complex, multi-step tasks, but their escalating costs threaten scalability and accessibility. This work presents the first…

The field of emergent communication aims to understand the characteristics of communication as it emerges from artificial agents solving tasks that require information exchange. Communication with discrete messages is considered a desired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Boaz Carmeli , Ron Meir , Yonatan Belinkov

Approximate message passing (AMP) refers to a class of efficient algorithms for statistical estimation in high-dimensional problems such as compressed sensing and low-rank matrix estimation. This paper analyzes the performance of AMP in the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Cynthia Rush , Ramji Venkataramanan