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One type of machine learning, text classification, is now regularly applied in the legal matters involving voluminous document populations because it can reduce the time and expense associated with the review of those documents. One form of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Rishi Chhatwal , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Robert Keeling , Jianping Zhang , Haozhen Zhao

In a context where the Brazilian judiciary system, the largest in the world, faces a crisis due to the slow processing of millions of cases, it becomes imperative to develop efficient methods for analyzing legal texts. We introduce uBERT, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Israel Fama , Bárbara Bueno , Alexandre Alcoforado , Thomas Palmeira Ferraz , Arnold Moya , Anna Helena Reali Costa

Long-form legal reasoning remains a key challenge for large language models (LLMs) in spite of recent advances in test-time scaling. To address this, we introduce LEXam, a novel benchmark derived from 340 law exams spanning 116 law school…

For large language models (LLMs) to be effective in the financial domain -- where each decision can have a significant impact -- it is necessary to investigate realistic tasks and data. Financial professionals often interact with documents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Varshini Reddy , Rik Koncel-Kedziorski , Viet Dac Lai , Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Chris Tanner

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in legal applications, current evaluation benchmarks tend to focus mainly on factual accuracy while largely neglecting important linguistic quality aspects such as clarity, coherence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Li yunhan , Wu gengshen

The record of the beginning of the most widespread legal system in the world is contained in millions of pages of handwritten text. Most of the records of the first centuries of the Anglo-American legal system are hand-written in a highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Michael Zhang , Elise Wang , Charlotte Whatley , Seth Strickland , Dylan Bannon

We present our method for tackling a legal case retrieval task by introducing our method of encoding documents by summarizing them into continuous vector space via our phrase scoring framework utilizing deep neural networks. On the other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Vu Tran , Minh Le Nguyen , Satoshi Tojo , Ken Satoh

Given the number of Arabic speakers worldwide and the notably large amount of content in the web today in some fields such as law, medicine, or even news, documents of considerable length are produced regularly. Classifying those documents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Muhammad AL-Qurishi

To undertake computational research of the law, efficiently identifying datasets of court decisions that relate to a specific legal issue is a crucial yet challenging endeavour. This study addresses the gap in the literature working with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Ahmed Izzidien , Holli Sargeant , Felix Steffek

Legal Entity Recognition (LER) is critical in automating legal workflows such as contract analysis, compliance monitoring, and litigation support. Existing approaches, including rule-based systems and classical machine learning models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Duraimurugan Rajamanickam

Lawyers and judges spend a large amount of time researching the proper legal authority to cite while drafting decisions. In this paper, we develop a citation recommendation tool that can help improve efficiency in the process of opinion…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Zihan Huang , Charles Low , Mengqiu Teng , Hongyi Zhang , Daniel E. Ho , Mark S. Krass , Matthias Grabmair

Long document classification poses challenges due to the computational limitations of transformer-based models, particularly BERT, which are constrained by fixed input lengths and quadratic attention complexity. Moreover, using the full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Prathamesh Kokate , Mitali Sarnaik , Manavi Khopade , Raviraj Joshi

Legal reasoning tasks present unique challenges for large language models (LLMs) due to the complexity of domain-specific knowledge and reasoning processes. This paper investigates how effectively smaller language models (Llama 2 7B and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Rean Fernandes , André Biedenkapp , Frank Hutter , Noor Awad

Signature and anomaly based techniques are the quintessential approaches to malware detection. However, these techniques have become increasingly ineffective as malware has become more sophisticated and complex. Researchers have therefore…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Dennis Dang , Fabio Di Troia , Mark Stamp

In this paper, we investigate the application of text classification methods to support law professionals. We present several experiments applying machine learning techniques to predict with high accuracy the ruling of the French Supreme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-26 Octavia-Maria Sulea , Marcos Zampieri , Shervin Malmasi , Mihaela Vela , Liviu P. Dinu , Josef van Genabith

A rapid growth of web documents due to heavy use of World Wide Web necessitates efficient techniques to efficiently classify the document on the web. It is thus produced High volumes of data per second with high diversity. Automatically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Alireza Saleh Sedghpour , Mohammad Reza Saleh Sedghpour

Pretrained transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many tasks and benchmarks recently. Many state-of-the-art Language Models (LMs), however, do not scale well above the threshold of 512 input tokens. In specialized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Joel Niklaus , Daniele Giofré

Automatic legal judgment prediction and its explanation suffer from the problem of long case documents exceeding tens of thousands of words, in general, and having a non-uniform structure. Predicting judgments from such documents and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufik Dkaki

We explore efficient strategies to fine-tune decoder-only Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream text classification under resource constraints. Two approaches are investigated: (1) attaching a classification head to a pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Amirhossein Yousefiramandi , Ciaran Cooney

Using author provided tags to predict tags for a new document often results in the overgeneration of tags. In the case where the author doesn't provide any tags, our documents face the severe under-tagging issue. In this paper, we present a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Maharshi R. Pandya , Jessica Reyes , Bob Vanderheyden