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Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) assigns scores to student essays, reducing the grading workload for instructors. Developing a scoring system capable of handling essays across diverse prompts is challenging due to the flexibility and diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhaoyi Joey Hou , Alejandro Ciuba , Xiang Lorraine Li

Background: Exploration of the physical environment is an indispensable precursor to information acquisition and knowledge consolidation for living organisms. Yet, current artificial intelligence models lack these autonomy capabilities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Gustavo Assunção , Miguel Castelo-Branco , Paulo Menezes

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) methods assume that the expert data is generated by an agent optimizing some reward function. However, in many settings, the agent may optimize a reward function subject to some constraints, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Ashish Gaurav , Kasra Rezaee , Guiliang Liu , Pascal Poupart

Multi-agent AI systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to solve complex tasks. However, these systems often rely on fragile, manually designed prompts and heuristics, making optimization difficult. A key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Wanjia Zhao , Mert Yuksekgonul , Shirley Wu , James Zou

LLM agents increasingly operate in open-ended environments spanning hundreds of sequential episodes, yet they remain largely stateless: each task is solved from scratch without converting past experience into better future behavior. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Wujiang Xu , Jiaojiao Han , Minghao Guo , Kai Mei , Xi Zhu , Han Zhang , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a paradigm shift from reactive systems to proactive, autonomous decision making frameworks. Existing AI-based educational systems remain fragmented and lack multi-level integration across…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Arya Mary K J , Deepthy K Bhaskar , Sinu T S , Binu V P

This paper presents a novel human-robot interaction setup for robot and human learning of symbolic language for identifying robot homeostatic needs. The robot and human learn to use and respond to the same language symbols that convey…

Large Language Models (LLMs) challenge the validity of traditional open-ended assessments by blurring the lines of authorship. While recent research has focused on the accuracy of automated scoring (AES), these static approaches fail to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tom Lee , Sihoon Lee , Seonghun Kim

Recent years have seen an increasing amount of work on embodied AI agents that can perform tasks by following human language instructions. However, most of these agents are reactive, meaning that they simply learn and imitate behaviors…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yichi Zhang , Jianing Yang , Jiayi Pan , Shane Storks , Nikhil Devraj , Ziqiao Ma , Keunwoo Peter Yu , Yuwei Bao , Joyce Chai

Agentic search enables LLMs to solve complex multi-hop questions through iterative reasoning and external search. Despite the effectiveness, these systems often suffer from a critical limitation in practice: agents fail to recognize their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunbo Tang , Chengyi Yang , Shiyu Liu , Zhishang Xiang , Zerui Chen , Qinggang Zhang , Jinsong Su

This paper presents a technique called evolving self-supervised neural networks - neural networks that can teach themselves, intrinsically motivated, without external supervision or reward. The proposed method presents some sort-of paradigm…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Nam Le

Both entropy-minimizing and entropy-maximizing (curiosity) objectives for unsupervised reinforcement learning (RL) have been shown to be effective in different environments, depending on the environment's level of natural entropy. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Adriana Hugessen , Roger Creus Castanyer , Faisal Mohamed , Glen Berseth

Recent LLM-based TTS systems achieve strong quality and zero-shot ability, but lack fine-grained emotional control due to their reliance on discrete speech tokens. Existing approaches either limit emotions to categorical labels or cannot…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Haoxun Li , Yu Liu , Yuqing Sun , Hanlei Shi , Leyuan Qu , Taihao Li

Advancements in emotion aware language processing increasingly shape vital NLP applications ranging from conversational AI and affective computing to computational psychology and creative content generation. Existing emotion datasets either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Vishal Gandhi , Sagar Gandhi

System prompts are a central control mechanism in modern AI systems, shaping behavior across conversations, tasks, and user populations. Yet they are difficult to tune when feedback is available only as aggregate metrics rather than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhiyuan Jerry Lin , Benjamin Letham , Samuel Dooley , Maximilian Balandat , Eytan Bakshy

In this paper, we develop the position that current frameworks for evaluating emotional intelligence (EI) in artificial intelligence (AI) systems need refinement because they do not adequately or comprehensively measure the various aspects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Max Parks , Kheli Atluru , Meera Vinod , Mike Kuniavsky , Jud Brewer , Sean White , Sarah Adler , Wendy Ju

Agentic systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in tackling complex, long-horizon tasks. However, their efficacy is fundamentally constrained by static configurations governing agent behaviors,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jingqi Zhou , Sheng Wang , DeZhao Deng , Junwen Lu , Junwei Su , Qintong Li , Jiahui Gao , Hao Wu , Jiyue Jiang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have highlighted the need for robust, comprehensive, and challenging benchmarks. Yet, research on evaluating their Emotional Intelligence (EI) is considerably limited. Existing benchmarks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Sahand Sabour , Siyang Liu , Zheyuan Zhang , June M. Liu , Jinfeng Zhou , Alvionna S. Sunaryo , Juanzi Li , Tatia M. C. Lee , Rada Mihalcea , Minlie Huang

Large audio-language models (LALMs) can produce expressive speech, yet reliable emotion control remains elusive: conversions often miss the target affect and may degrade linguistic fidelity through refusals, hallucinations, or paraphrase.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Xiutian Zhao , Ismail Rasim Ulgen , Philipp Koehn , Björn Schuller , Berrak Sisman

We study a class of reinforcement learning problems where the reward signals for policy learning are generated by an internal reward model that is dependent on and jointly optimized with the policy. This interdependence between the policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Mengdi Li , Xufeng Zhao , Jae Hee Lee , Cornelius Weber , Stefan Wermter