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The core objective of image captioning is to achieve lossless semantic compression from visual signals into textual modalities. However, the reliance on manually curated reference texts for evaluation essentially forces models to mimic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ziyun Chen , Fan Liu , Liang Yao , Chuanyi Zhang , Yuye Ma , Wei Zhou

Image caption rating is becoming increasingly important because computer-generated captions are used extensively for descriptive annotation. However, rating the accuracy of captions in describing images is time-consuming and subjective in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Kezia Minni , Qiang Zhang , Monoshiz Mahbub Khan , Zhe Yu

Existing large language models (LLMs) evaluation methods typically focus on testing the performance on some closed-environment and domain-specific benchmarks with human annotations. In this paper, we explore a novel unsupervised evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Kun-Peng Ning , Shuo Yang , Yu-Yang Liu , Jia-Yu Yao , Zhen-Hui Liu , Yong-Hong Tian , Yibing Song , Li Yuan

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have greatly improved image understanding and captioning capabilities. However, existing image captioning benchmarks typically suffer from limited diversity in caption length, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zitong Xu , Huiyu Duan , Shengyao Qin , Guangyu Yang , Guangji Ma , Xiongkuo Min , Ke Gu , Guangtao Zhai , Patrick Le Callet

Image content safety has become a significant challenge with the rise of visual media on online platforms. Meanwhile, in the age of AI-generated content (AIGC), many image generation models are capable of producing harmful content, such as…

Evaluating the quality of free-text explanations is a multifaceted, subjective, and labor-intensive task. Large language models (LLMs) present an appealing alternative due to their potential for consistency, scalability, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ana Brassard , Benjamin Heinzerling , Keito Kudo , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Kentaro Inui

It has been a longstanding goal within image captioning to move beyond a dependence on object detection. We investigate using superpixels coupled with Vision Language Models (VLMs) to bridge the gap between detector-based captioning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Henry Senior , Luca Rossi , Gregory Slabaugh , Shanxin Yuan

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have transformed image captioning, shifting from concise captions to detailed descriptions. We introduce LOTUS, a leaderboard for evaluating detailed captions, addressing three main gaps in existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yusuke Hirota , Boyi Li , Ryo Hachiuma , Yueh-Hua Wu , Boris Ivanovic , Yuta Nakashima , Marco Pavone , Yejin Choi , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Chao-Han Huck Yang

Aligning large vision-language models (LVLMs) with human preferences is challenging due to the scarcity of fine-grained, high-quality, and multimodal preference data without human annotations. Existing methods relying on direct distillation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Muzhi Dai , Jiashuo Sun , Zhiyuan Zhao , Shixuan Liu , Rui Li , Junyu Gao , Xuelong Li

The task of image captioning has recently been gaining popularity, and with it the complex task of evaluating the quality of image captioning models. In this work, we present the first survey and taxonomy of over 70 different image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky , Omri Abend , Lea Frermann

Automatic evaluation metrics hold a fundamental importance in the development and fine-grained analysis of captioning systems. While current evaluation metrics tend to achieve an acceptable correlation with human judgements at the system…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Naeha Sharif , Lyndon White , Mohammed Bennamoun , Wei Liu , Syed Afaq Ali Shah

Image captioning is one of the most fundamental tasks in computer vision. Owing to its open-ended nature, it has received significant attention in the era of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). In pursuit of ever more detailed and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shaokai Ye , Vasileios Saveris , Yihao Qian , Jiaming Hu , Elmira Amirloo , Peter Grasch

Image captioning studies heavily rely on automatic evaluation metrics such as BLEU and METEOR. However, such n-gram-based metrics have been shown to correlate poorly with human evaluation, leading to the proposal of alternative metrics such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Yuiga Wada , Kanta Kaneda , Komei Sugiura

Existing automatic evaluation on text-to-image synthesis can only provide an image-text matching score, without considering the object-level compositionality, which results in poor correlation with human judgments. In this work, we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Yujie Lu , Xianjun Yang , Xiujun Li , Xin Eric Wang , William Yang Wang

Evaluating log summarization systems is challenging due to the lack of high-quality reference summaries and the limitations of existing metrics like ROUGE and BLEU, which depend on surface-level lexical overlap. We introduce REFLEX, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Priyanka Mudgal

While Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have advanced audio captioning, robust evaluation remains difficult. Reference-based metrics are expensive and often fail to assess acoustic fidelity, while Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Insung Lee , Taeyoung Jeong , Haejun Yoo , Du-Seong Chang , Myoung-Wan Koo

In this paper, we propose QACE, a new metric based on Question Answering for Caption Evaluation. QACE generates questions on the evaluated caption and checks its content by asking the questions on either the reference caption or the source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Hwanhee Lee , Thomas Scialom , Seunghyun Yoon , Franck Dernoncourt , Kyomin Jung

Traditional image classification requires a predefined list of semantic categories. In contrast, Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) can sidestep this requirement by classifying images directly using natural language (e.g., answering the prompt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Alessandro Conti , Massimiliano Mancini , Enrico Fini , Yiming Wang , Paolo Rota , Elisa Ricci

With the growing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), there is an increasing need for robust evaluation methods, especially in multilingual and non-English contexts. We present an updated version of the BLUEX dataset, now including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 João Guilherme Alves Santos , Giovana Kerche Bonás , Thales Sales Almeida

Image captioning bridges the gap between vision and language by automatically generating natural language descriptions for images. Traditional image captioning methods often overlook the preferences and characteristics of users.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xuan Wang , Guanhong Wang , Wenhao Chai , Jiayu Zhou , Gaoang Wang