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Evaluation metrics for image captioning face two challenges. Firstly, commonly used metrics such as CIDEr, METEOR, ROUGE and BLEU often do not correlate well with human judgments. Secondly, each metric has well known blind spots to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Yin Cui , Guandao Yang , Andreas Veit , Xun Huang , Serge Belongie

Automatic image captioning evaluation is critical for benchmarking and promoting advances in image captioning research. Existing metrics only provide a single score to measure caption qualities, which are less explainable and informative.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Anwen Hu , Shizhe Chen , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

The evaluation of machine-generated image captions is a complex and evolving challenge. With the advent of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), image captioning has become a core task, increasing the need for robust and reliable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Sara Sarto , Marcella Cornia , Rita Cucchiara

We propose VC-Inspector, a lightweight, open-source large multimodal model (LMM) for reference-free evaluation of video captions, with a focus on factual accuracy. Unlike existing metrics that suffer from limited context handling, weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shubhashis Roy Dipta , Tz-Ying Wu , Subarna Tripathi

Image Captioning for state-of-the-art VLMs has significantly improved over time; however, this comes at the cost of increased computational complexity, making them less accessible for resource-constrained applications such as mobile devices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Sania Waheed , Na Min An

Conversational recommender system is an emerging area that has garnered an increasing interest in the community, especially with the advancements in large language models (LLMs) that enable diverse reasoning over conversational input.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Minjin Kim , Minju Kim , Hana Kim , Beong-woo Kwak , Soyeon Chun , Hyunseo Kim , SeongKu Kang , Youngjae Yu , Jinyoung Yeo , Dongha Lee

To establish the trustworthiness of systems that automatically generate text captions for audio, images and video, existing reference-free metrics rely on large pretrained models which are impractical to accommodate in resource-constrained…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Rehana Mahfuz , Yinyi Guo , Erik Visser

We introduce MILE-RefHumEval, a reference-free framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) without ground-truth annotations or evaluator coordination. It leverages an ensemble of independently prompted evaluators guided by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Nalin Srun , Parisa Rastin , Guénaël Cabanes , Lydia Boudjeloud Assala

Systems such as video chatbots and navigation robots often depend on streaming image captioning to interpret visual inputs. Existing approaches typically employ large multimodal language models (MLLMs) for this purpose, but their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Junha Song , Yongsik Jo , So Yeon Min , Quanting Xie , Taehwan Kim , Yonatan Bisk , Jaegul Choo

Remote sensing image captioning has advanced rapidly through encoder--decoder models, although the reliance on large annotated datasets and the focus on English restricts global applicability. To address these limitations, we propose the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Carlos Rebelo , Gil Rocha , João Daniel Silva , Bruno Martins

Image captioning aims to describe visual content in natural language. As 'a picture is worth a thousand words', there could be various correct descriptions for an image. However, with maximum likelihood estimation as the training objective,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zihao Yue , Anwen Hu , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

Establishing an automatic evaluation metric that closely aligns with human judgments is essential for effectively developing image captioning models. Recent data-driven metrics have demonstrated a stronger correlation with human judgments…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Yuiga Wada , Kanta Kaneda , Daichi Saito , Komei Sugiura

Visual captioning benchmarks have become outdated with the emergence of modern multimodal large language models (MLLMs), as the brief ground-truth sentences and traditional metrics fail to assess detailed captions effectively. While recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zhihang Liu , Chen-Wei Xie , Bin Wen , Feiwu Yu , Jixuan Chen , Pandeng Li , Boqiang Zhang , Nianzu Yang , Yinglu Li , Zuan Gao , Yun Zheng , Hongtao Xie

Recent advances in large language models and vision-language models have led to growing interest in explainable evaluation metrics for image captioning. However, these metrics generate explanations without standardized criteria, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hyunjong Kim , Sangyeop Kim , Jongheon Jeong , Yeongjae Cho , Sungzoon Cho

Powerful large language models have facilitated the development of writing assistants that promise to significantly improve the quality and efficiency of composition and communication. However, a barrier to effective assistance is the lack…

Image captioning is conventionally formulated as the task of generating captions for images that match the distribution of reference image-caption pairs. However, reference captions in standard captioning datasets are short and may not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Simon Kornblith , Lala Li , Zirui Wang , Thao Nguyen

With the rising human-like precision of Large Language Models (LLMs) in numerous tasks, their utilization in a variety of real-world applications is becoming more prevalent. Several studies have shown that LLMs excel on many standard NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Rishav Hada , Varun Gumma , Mohamed Ahmed , Kalika Bali , Sunayana Sitaram

Automatically generating descriptive captions for images is a well-researched area in computer vision. However, existing evaluation approaches focus on measuring the similarity between two sentences disregarding fine-grained semantics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Philipp Harzig , Dan Zecha , Rainer Lienhart , Carolin Kaiser , René Schallner

Image captioning evaluation metrics can be divided into two categories, reference-based metrics and reference-free metrics. However, reference-based approaches may struggle to evaluate descriptive captions with abundant visual details…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zequn Zeng , Jianqiao Sun , Hao Zhang , Tiansheng Wen , Yudi Su , Yan Xie , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have emerged to tackle the challenges of Visual Question Answering (VQA), sparking a new research focus on conducting objective evaluations of these models. Existing evaluation methods face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Qihui Zhang , Munan Ning , Zheyuan Liu , Yanbo Wang , Jiayi Ye , Yue Huang , Shuo Yang , Xiao Chen , Yibing Song , Li Yuan