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Quantum Key Exchange (QKE, also known as Quantum Key Distribution or QKD) allows communicating parties to securely establish cryptographic keys. It is a well-established fact that all QKE protocols require that the parties have access to an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-11 Kenneth G. Paterson , Fred Piper , Ruediger Schack

A practical quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol necessarily runs in finite time and, hence, only a finite amount of communication is exchanged. This is in contrast to most of the standard results on the security of QKD, which only hold…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-08 Valerio Scarani , Renato Renner

The malicious manipulation of quantum key distribution (QKD) hardware is a serious threat to its security, as, typically, neither end users nor QKD manufacturers can validate the integrity of every component of their QKD system in practice.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises provably secure communications. In order to improve the secret key rate, combining a biased basis choice with the decoy-state method is proposed. Concomitantly, there is a basis-independent detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Hua-Lei Yin , Peng Liu , Wei-Wei Dai , Zhao-Hui Ci , Jie Gu , Tian Gao , Qiang-Wei Wang , Zi-Yao Shen

Practical implementations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) often deviate from the theoretical protocols, exposing the implementations to various attacks even when the underlying (ideal) protocol is proven secure. We present new analysis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Ittay Alfassi , Ran Gelles , Rotem Liss , Tal Mor

In principle, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the laws of physics. In practice, however, the imperfections of realistic devices might introduce deviations from the idealized models used in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-01 Feihu Xu , Xiongfeng Ma , Qiang Zhang , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Jian-Wei Pan

Quantum key distribution (QKD) refers to specific quantum strategies which permit the secure distribution of a secret key between two parties that wish to communicate secretly. Quantum cryptography has proven unconditionally secure in ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-14 C. Rodó , O. Romero-Isart , K. Eckert , A. Sanpera

Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks are expected to enable information-theoretical secure (ITS) communication over a large-scale network. Most researches on relay-based QKD network assume that all relays or nodes are completely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-02 Yi Luo , Qiong Li , Hao-Kun Mao

Key establishment is a crucial primitive for building secure channels: in a multi-party setting, it allows two parties using only public authenticated communication to establish a secret session key which can be used to encrypt messages.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-28 Michele Mosca , Douglas Stebila , Berkant Ustaoglu

Quantum Cryptography or Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique that allows the secure distribution of a bit string, used as key in cryptographic protocols. When it was noted that quantum computers could break public key cryptosystems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-15 Mohamed Elboukhari , Mostafa Azizi , Abdelmalek Azizi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) together with one time pad encoding can provide information-theoretical security for communication. Currently, though QKD has been widely deployed in many metropolitan fiber networks, its implementation in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-10 Qiang Zhang , Feihu Xu , Yu-Ao Chen , Cheng-Zhi Peng , Jian-Wei Pan

Owing to its fundamental principles, quantum theory holds the promise to enhance the security of modern cryptography, from message encryption to anonymous communication, digital signatures, online banking, leader election, one-time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Mathieu Bozzio , Claude Crépeau , Petros Wallden , Philip Walther

We present a new technique for proving the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. It is based on direct information-theoretic arguments and thus also applies if no equivalent entanglement purification scheme can be found.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 R. Renner , N. Gisin , B. Kraus

Security analysis is a critical part in any cryptographic protocol, may it be classical or quantum. Without security analysis, one cannot ensure the secrecy of the distributed keys. To perform a conclusive security analysis, it is very…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Sawan Bhattacharyya , Turbasu Chatterjee , Pankaj Agrawal , Prasenjit Deb

Cyber-security has become vital for modern networked control systems (NCS). In this paper, we propose that the emerging technology of quantum key distribution (QKD) can be applied to enhance the privacy and security of NCS up to an…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Hai-Jin Ding , Re-Bing Wu , Qian-Chuan Zhao

The use of quantum cryptography in everyday applications has gained attention in both industrial and academic fields. Due to advancements in quantum electronics, practical quantum devices are already available in the market, and ready for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Pankaj Kumar , Neel Kanth Kundu , Binayak Kar

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is rapidly transitioning from cutting-edge laboratory research to real-world deployment in established communication networks. Although QKD promises future-proof security, practical challenges stil exist due…

Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) establishes shared ('symmetric') cryptographic keys which are essential for secure online communication. AKE protocols can be constructed from public-key cryptography like Key Encapsulation Mechanisms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Kathrin Hövelmanns , Daan Planken , Christian Schaffner , Sebastian R. Verschoor

The security of conventional cryptography systems is threatened in the forthcoming era of quantum computers. Quantum key distribution (QKD) features fundamentally proven security and offers a promising option for quantum-proof cryptography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-29 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

Security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols relies solely on quantum physics laws, namely, on the impossibility to distinguish between non-orthogonal quantum states with absolute certainty. Due to this, a potential eavesdropper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Valeria A. Pastushenko , Dmitry A. Kronberg