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Parallel parameterized complexity theory studies how fixed-parameter tractable (fpt) problems can be solved in parallel. Previous theoretical work focused on parallel algorithms that are very fast in principle, but did not take into account…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Max Bannach , Malte Skambath , Till Tantau

A temporal point process (TPP) is a stochastic process where its realization is a sequence of discrete events in time. Recent work in TPPs model the process using a neural network in a supervised learning framework, where a training set is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Wonho Bae , Mohamed Osama Ahmed , Frederick Tung , Gabriel L. Oliveira

Pre-training of Large Language Models is often prohibitively expensive and inefficient at scale, requiring complex and invasive modifications in order to achieve high data throughput. In this work, we present Token-Superposition Training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Bowen Peng , Théo Gigant , Jeffrey Quesnelle

Reasoning LLMs produce longer outputs, requiring speculative decoding drafters trained on extended sequences. Parallel drafting - predicting multiple tokens per forward pass - offers latency benefits over sequential generation, but training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mude Hui , Xin Huang , Jaime Campos Salas , Yue Sun , Nathan Pemberton , Xiang Song , Ashish Khetan , George Karypis

Recent advancements in generative large language models (LLMs) have significantly boosted the performance in natural language processing tasks. However, their efficiency is hampered by the inherent limitations in autoregressive token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Shuzhang Zhong , Zebin Yang , Meng Li , Ruihao Gong , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Training large language models (LLMs) from scratch can yield models with unique functionalities and strengths, but it is costly and often leads to redundant capabilities. A more cost-effective alternative is to fuse existing pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Runjia Zeng , James Chenhao Liang , Cheng Han , Zhiwen Cao , Jiahao Liu , Xiaojun Quan , Yingjie Victor Chen , Lifu Huang , Tong Geng , Qifan Wang , Dongfang Liu

We introduce a simple yet powerful framework for training large language models. In contrast to the standard autoregressive next-token prediction based on an exact prefix, we propose a perturbation-based procedure that first transforms the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-07 Zetai Cen , Jin Zhu , Xinwei Shen , Chengchun Shi

Tasks that model the relation between pairs of tokens in a string are a vital part of understanding natural language. Such tasks, in general, require exhaustive pair-wise comparisons of tokens, thus having a quadratic runtime complexity in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Tianyu Liu , Afra Amini , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ryan Cotterell

Despite their growing capabilities, language models still frequently reproduce content from their training data, generate repetitive text, and favor common grammatical patterns and vocabulary. A possible cause is the decoding strategy: the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Giorgio Franceschelli , Mirco Musolesi

Token-based transformer world models have shown strong performance in visual reinforcement learning, but often suffer from temporal inconsistency in long-horizon rollouts, including object duplication, disappearance, and transmutation. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Youngin Kim , Ray Sun , Inho Kim , Bumsoo Park , Hyun Oh Song

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have recently drawn considerable attention within the research community as a promising alternative to autoregressive generation, offering parallel token prediction and lower inference latency. Yet,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zigeng Chen , Gongfan Fang , Xinyin Ma , Ruonan Yu , Xinchao Wang

Transformers achieve unrivalled performance in modelling language, but remain inefficient in terms of memory and time complexity. A possible remedy is to reduce the sequence length in the intermediate layers by pooling fixed-length segments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Piotr Nawrot , Jan Chorowski , Adrian Łańcucki , Edoardo M. Ponti

This paper introduces a simple and scalable approach to improve the data efficiency of large language model (LLM) training by augmenting existing text data with thinking trajectories. The compute for pre-training LLMs has been growing at an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Shaohan Huang , Li Dong , Furu Wei

The goal of this paper is to accelerate codec-based speech synthesis systems with minimum sacrifice to speech quality. We propose an enhanced inference method that allows for flexible trade-offs between speed and quality during inference…

Transformers have recently dominated the ASR field. Although able to yield good performance, they involve an autoregressive (AR) decoder to generate tokens one by one, which is computationally inefficient. To speed up inference,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Zhifu Gao , Shiliang Zhang , Ian McLoughlin , Zhijie Yan

In this work, we introduce Reinforcement Pre-Training (RPT) as a new scaling paradigm for large language models and reinforcement learning (RL). Specifically, we reframe next-token prediction as a reasoning task trained using RL, where it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Qingxiu Dong , Li Dong , Yao Tang , Tianzhu Ye , Yutao Sun , Zhifang Sui , Furu Wei

Simultaneous translation, which translates sentences before they are finished, is useful in many scenarios but is notoriously difficult due to word-order differences. While the conventional seq-to-seq framework is only suitable for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Mingbo Ma , Liang Huang , Hao Xiong , Renjie Zheng , Kaibo Liu , Baigong Zheng , Chuanqiang Zhang , Zhongjun He , Hairong Liu , Xing Li , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

In arbitrary-order language models, it is an open question how to sample tokens in parallel from the correct joint distribution. With discrete diffusion models, the more tokens they generate in parallel, the less their predicted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Gabe Guo , Stefano Ermon

Language models generate responses by producing a series of tokens in immediate succession: the $(K+1)^{th}$ token is an outcome of manipulating $K$ hidden vectors per layer, one vector per preceding token. What if instead we were to let…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Sachin Goyal , Ziwei Ji , Ankit Singh Rawat , Aditya Krishna Menon , Sanjiv Kumar , Vaishnavh Nagarajan

While there is much recent interest in studying why Transformer-based large language models make predictions the way they do, the complex computations performed within each layer have made their behavior somewhat opaque. To mitigate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Byung-Doh Oh , William Schuler
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