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Neural operators have emerged as powerful tools for learning solution operators of partial differential equations. However, in time-dependent problems, standard training strategies such as teacher forcing introduce a mismatch between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zaijun Ye , Chen-Song Zhang , Wansheng Wang

Residual-based adaptive strategies are widely used in scientific machine learning but remain largely heuristic. We introduce a unifying variational framework that formalizes these methods by integrating convex transformations of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Juan Diego Toscano , Daniel T. Chen , Vivek Oommen , Jérôme Darbon , George Em Karniadakis

This work focuses on developing methods for approximating the solution operators of a class of parametric partial differential equations via neural operators. Neural operators have several challenges, including the issue of generating…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-17 Prashant K. Jha

In this paper, we propose physics-informed neural operators (PINO) that combine training data and physics constraints to learn the solution operator of a given family of parametric Partial Differential Equations (PDE). PINO is the first…

Recent advancements in operator-type neural networks have shown promising results in approximating the solutions of spatiotemporal Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). However, these neural networks often entail considerable training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Shuhao Cao , Francesco Brarda , Ruipeng Li , Yuanzhe Xi

This paper is about learning the parameter-to-solution map for systems of partial differential equations (PDEs) that depend on a potentially large number of parameters covering all PDE types for which a stable variational formulation (SVF)…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-31 Markus Bachmayr , Wolfgang Dahmen , Mathias Oster

We present approximation theories and efficient training methods for derivative-informed Fourier neural operators (DIFNOs) with applications to PDE-constrained optimization. A DIFNO is an FNO trained by minimizing its prediction error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Boyuan Yao , Dingcheng Luo , Lianghao Cao , Nikola Kovachki , Thomas O'Leary-Roseberry , Omar Ghattas

We propose a novel data-lean operator learning algorithm, the Reduced Basis Neural Operator (ReBaNO), to solve a group of PDEs with multiple distinct inputs. Inspired by the Reduced Basis Method and the recently introduced Generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Haolan Zheng , Yanlai Chen , Jiequn Han , Yue Yu

We propose a new neural network based method for solving inverse problems for partial differential equations (PDEs) by formulating the PDE inverse problem as a bilevel optimization problem. At the upper level, we minimize the data loss with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ray Zirui Zhang , Christopher E. Miles , Xiaohui Xie , John S. Lowengrub

The predictive accuracy of operator learning frameworks depends on the quality and quantity of available training data (input-output function pairs), often requiring substantial amounts of high-fidelity data, which can be challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Sumanta Roy , Bahador Bahmani , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Michael D. Shields

By learning the mappings between infinite function spaces using carefully designed neural networks, the operator learning methodology has exhibited significantly more efficiency than traditional methods in solving complex problems such as…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-06 Ziyuan Liu , Haifeng Wang , Hong Zhang , Kaijuna Bao , Xu Qian , Songhe Song

Neural operators have emerged as fast surrogate solvers for parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). However, purely data-driven models often require extensive training data and can generalize poorly, especially in small-data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Heechang Kim , Qianying Cao , Hyomin Shin , Seungchul Lee , George Em Karniadakis , Minseok Choi

Partial differential equations (PDEs) govern a wide variety of dynamical processes in science and engineering, yet obtaining their numerical solutions often requires high-resolution discretizations and repeated evaluations of complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Valentin Duruisseaux , Jean Kossaifi , Anima Anandkumar

Neural differential equations offer a powerful framework for modeling continuous-time dynamics, but forecasting stiff biophysical systems remains unreliable. Standard Neural ODEs and physics informed variants often require orders of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Kamalpreet Singh Kainth , Prathamesh Dinesh Joshi , Raj Abhijit Dandekar , Rajat Dandekar , Sreedat Panat

Boundary conditions (BCs) are important groups of physics-enforced constraints that are necessary for solutions of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) to satisfy at specific spatial locations. These constraints carry important physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Nadim Saad , Gaurav Gupta , Shima Alizadeh , Danielle C. Maddix

Learning probabilistic surrogates for partial differential equations remains challenging in data-scarce regimes: neural operators require large amounts of high-fidelity data, while generative approaches typically sacrifice resolution…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-18 Sahil Bhola , Karthik Duraisamy

Partial differential equations (PDEs) govern a wide range of physical phenomena, but their numerical solution remains computationally demanding, especially when repeated simulations are required across many parameter settings. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hamda Hmida , Hsiu-Wen Chang Joly , Youssef Mesri

For partial differential equations on domains of arbitrary shapes, existing works of neural operators attempt to learn a mapping from geometries to solutions. It often requires a large dataset of geometry-solution pairs in order to obtain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Ze Cheng , Zhongkai Hao , Xiaoqiang Wang , Jianing Huang , Youjia Wu , Xudan Liu , Yiru Zhao , Songming Liu , Hang Su

A computed approximation of the solution operator to a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is needed in various areas of science and engineering. Neural operators have been shown to be quite effective at predicting these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Zan Ahmad , Shiyi Chen , Minglang Yin , Avisha Kumar , Nicolas Charon , Natalia Trayanova , Mauro Maggioni

There has recently been increasing attention towards developing foundational neural Partial Differential Equation (PDE) solvers and neural operators through large-scale pretraining. However, unlike vision and language models that make use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 AmirPouya Hemmasian , Amir Barati Farimani
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