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Neural operators serve as fast, data-driven surrogates for scientific modeling but typically rely on a monolithic, single-pass inference procedure that struggles to resolve high-frequency details, a limitation known as spectral bias. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xiaotian Liu , Shuyuan Shang , Xiaopeng Wang , Pu Ren , Yaoqing Yang

Operator learning is a variant of machine learning that is designed to approximate maps between function spaces from data. The Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is one of the main model architectures used for operator learning. The FNO combines…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart , Margaret Trautner

Neural Operators (NOs) provide a powerful framework for computations involving physical laws that can be modelled by (integro-) partial differential equations (PDEs), directly learning maps between infinite-dimensional function spaces that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Gianluca Fabiani , Hannes Vandecasteele , Somdatta Goswami , Constantinos Siettos , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

Real-world scientific applications frequently encounter incomplete observational data due to sensor limitations, geographic constraints, or measurement costs. Although neural operators significantly advanced PDE solving in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jingren Hou , Hong Wang , Pengyu Xu , Chang Gao , Huafeng Liu , Liping Jing

Neural operators have been validated as promising deep surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Despite the critical role of boundary conditions in PDEs, however, only a limited number of neural operators robustly…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-12-13 Ziyuan Liu , Yuhang Wu , Daniel Zhengyu Huang , Hong Zhang , Xu Qian , Songhe Song

Time-dependent partial differential equations are ubiquitous in physics-based modeling, but they remain computationally intensive in many-query scenarios, such as real-time forecasting, optimal control, and uncertainty quantification.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Sven Dummer , Dongwei Ye , Christoph Brune

We introduce the Z-Domain Neural Operator (ZNO), a causal neural operator whose layers are stable low-rank multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) rational filters parameterized directly in the $z$-plane. ZNO addresses a limitation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Xianli Zhu , Jia Yin

Neural operators have emerged as promising surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), but struggle to generalise beyond training distributions and are often constrained to a fixed temporal discretisation. This work…

We propose a partial differential-integral equation (PDE) framework for deep neural networks (DNNs) and their associated learning problem by taking the continuum limits of both network width and depth. The proposed model captures the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Peter Markowich , Simone Portaro

We explore using neural operators, or neural network representations of nonlinear maps between function spaces, to accelerate infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems (BIPs) with models governed by nonlinear parametric partial…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-05-03 Lianghao Cao , Thomas O'Leary-Roseberry , Prashant K. Jha , J. Tinsley Oden , Omar Ghattas

Recent advances in the theory of Neural Operators (NOs) have enabled fast and accurate computation of the solutions to complex systems described by partial differential equations (PDEs). Despite their great success, current NO-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Ashutosh Singh , Ricardo Augusto Borsoi , Deniz Erdogmus , Tales Imbiriba

This study presents the conditional neural fields for reduced-order modeling (CNF-ROM) framework to approximate solutions of parametrized partial differential equations (PDEs). The approach combines a parametric neural ODE (PNODE) for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-12-09 Minji Kim , Tianshu Wen , Kookjin Lee , Youngsoo Choi

We propose a very general framework for deriving rigorous bounds on the approximation error for physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and operator learning architectures such as DeepONets and FNOs as well as for physics-informed operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Tim De Ryck , Siddhartha Mishra

Solving Singularly Perturbed Differential Equations (SPDEs) poses computational challenges arising from the rapid transitions in their solutions within thin regions. The effectiveness of deep learning in addressing differential equations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Ye Li , Ting Du , Yiwen Pang , Zhongyi Huang

We present a new data-driven reduced-order modeling approach to efficiently solve parametrized partial differential equations (PDEs) for many-query problems. This work is inspired by the concept of implicit neural representation (INR),…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-30 Tianshu Wen , Kookjin Lee , Youngsoo Choi

We introduce a conceptual framework for numerically solving linear elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic PDEs on bounded, polytopal domains in euclidean spaces by deep neural networks. The PDEs are recast as minimization of a least-squares…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-01 Joost A. A. Opschoor , Philipp C. Petersen , Christoph Schwab

Accurate modeling of spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial to understanding complex phenomena across science and engineering. However, this task faces a fundamental challenge when the governing equations are unknown and observational data are…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Rui Zhang , Han Wan , Yang Liu , Hao Sun

Initial boundary value problems arise commonly in applications with engineering and natural systems governed by nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Operator learning is an emerging field for solving these equations by using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Sumanth Kumar Boya , Deepak Subramani

This work introduces and rigorously analyzes a novel operator-splitting finite element scheme for approximating viscosity solutions of a broad class of constrained second-order partial differential equations. By decoupling the primary PDE…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Po-Yi Wu

The Reduced Basis Method (RBM) is a rigorous model reduction approach for solving parametrized partial differential equations. It identifies a low-dimensional subspace for approximation of the parametric solution manifold that is embedded…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-09-25 Yanlai Chen , Jiahua Jiang , Akil Narayan