Related papers: Price risk aversion vs payoff risk aversion: a gen…
In the realm of multi-objective alignment for large language models, balancing disparate human preferences often manifests as a zero-sum conflict. Specifically, the intrinsic tension between competing goals dictates that aggressively…
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making scenarios that involve risk assessment, yet their alignment with human economic rationality remains unclear. In this study, we investigate whether LLMs exhibit risk…
Risk-based Authentication (RBA) is an adaptive security measure to strengthen password-based authentication. RBA monitors additional features during login, and when observed feature values differ significantly from previously seen ones,…
We propose a general family of piecewise hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (PHARA) utilities, including many classic and non-standard utilities as examples. A typical application is the composition of a HARA preference and a piecewise…
Grades provide students with their primary performance feedback: signals which affect academic choices. Variations in grading practice among courses impose grade penalties (and bonuses) on students who take them. These grade penalties are…
The literature on the theme of gender differences in research performance indicates a quite evident gap in favor of men over women. Beyond the understanding of the factors that could be at the basis of this phenomenon, it is worthwhile…
This study analyzes the gender gap in desired wages using large administrative data of public job referrals, which allows us to look at the desired salaries of individuals from a wider wage distribution. We conduct a decomposition analysis…
To choose between two discrete goods, a consumer pays attention to only those with prices below a threshold. From these, she chooses her most preferred good. We assume consumers in a population have the same preference but may have…
We show that risk-aware behaviors in demand response originate from superquadratic state-dependent cost functions and price uncertainty with skewed distributions. We obtain such results through developing a novel theoretical demand response…
Gender bias in grant allocation is a deviation from the principle that scientific merit should guide grant decisions. However, most studies on gender bias in grant allocation focus on gender differences in success rates, without including…
Risk-averse Constrained Reinforcement Learning (RaCRL) aims to learn policies that minimise the likelihood of rare and catastrophic constraint violations caused by an environment's inherent randomness. In general, risk-aversion leads to…
This research aims to investigate the gender-based learning experiences of engineering students enrolled in the Probability and Statistics course, focusing on the four different assessment methods employed namely direct conceptual learning…
We investigate patterns of assortative matching on risk attitude, using self-reported (ordinal) data on risk attitudes for males and females within married couples, from the German Socio-Economic Panel over the period 2004-2012. We apply a…
Reward models are pivotal for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. Existing approaches face two key limitations: Discriminative reward models require large-scale annotated data, as they cannot exploit the preference…
Narrative reviews of peer review research have concluded that there is negligible evidence of gender bias in the awarding of grants based on peer review. Here, we report the findings of a meta-analysis of 21 studies providing, to the…
We conducted controlled experimental bias audits for four versions of ChatGPT, which we asked to recommend an opening offer in salary negotiations for a new hire. We submitted 98,800 prompts to each version, systematically varying the…
Understanding the affective, cognitive and behavioural processes involved in risk taking is essential for treatment and for setting environmental conditions to limit damage. Using Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning (TDRL) we…
Although the gender gap in academia has narrowed, females are underrepresented within some fields in the USA. Prior research suggests that the imbalances between science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields may be partly due to…
Online freelance marketplaces, a rapidly growing part of the global labor market, are creating a fair environment where professional skills are the main factor for hiring. While these platforms can reduce bias from traditional hiring, the…
Cybersecurity threat and risk analysis (RA) approaches are used to identify and mitigate security risks early-on in the software development life-cycle. Existing approaches automate only parts of the analysis procedure, leaving key…