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We study variance reduction for score estimation and diffusion-based sampling in settings where the clean (target) score is available or can be approximated. Starting from the Target Score Identity (TSI), which expresses the noisy marginal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-26 Alois Duston , Tan Bui-Thanh

Denoising Score Matching estimates the score of a noised version of a target distribution by minimizing a regression loss and is widely used to train the popular class of Denoising Diffusion Models. A well known limitation of Denoising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Valentin De Bortoli , Michael Hutchinson , Peter Wirnsberger , Arnaud Doucet

Score-based diffusion models have emerged as powerful techniques for generating samples from high-dimensional data distributions. These models involve a two-phase process: first, injecting noise to transform the data distribution into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Runjia Li , Qiwei Di , Quanquan Gu

Conditional diffusion models have shown remarkable performance in various generative tasks, but training them requires large-scale datasets that often contain noise in conditional inputs, a.k.a. noisy labels. This noise leads to condition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Byeonghu Na , Yeongmin Kim , HeeSun Bae , Jung Hyun Lee , Se Jung Kwon , Wanmo Kang , Il-Chul Moon

In this paper, we propose a deterministic diffusion-based framework for controlling the probability density of nonlinear control-affine systems, with theoretical guarantees for drift-free and linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamics. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-12 Karthik Elamvazhuthi , Darshan Gadginmath , Fabio Pasqualetti

Diffusion models have emerged as powerful tools for generative tasks, producing high-quality outputs across diverse domains. However, how the generated data responds to the initial noise perturbation in diffusion models remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Bowen Song , Zecheng Zhang , Zhaoxu Luo , Jason Hu , Wei Yuan , Jing Jia , Zhengxu Tang , Guanyang Wang , Liyue Shen

Score diffusion methods can learn probability densities from samples. The score of the noise-corrupted density is estimated using a deep neural network, which is then used to iteratively transport a Gaussian white noise density to a target…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zahra Kadkhodaie , Stéphane Mallat , Eero P. Simoncelli

How diffusion models generalize beyond their training set is not known, and is somewhat mysterious given two facts: the optimum of the denoising score matching (DSM) objective usually used to train diffusion models is the score function of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 John J. Vastola

Denoising score matching (DSM) for training diffusion models may suffer from high variance at low noise levels. Target Score Matching (TSM) mitigates this when clean data scores are available, providing a low-variance objective. In many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Joohwan Ko , Tomas Geffner

Diffusion models have gained prominence as state-of-the-art techniques for synthesizing images and videos, particularly due to their ability to scale effectively with large datasets. Recent studies have uncovered that these extensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Dat Nguyen Cong , Hieu Tran Bao , Hoang Thanh-Tung

We theoretically investigate the phenomena of generalization and memorization in diffusion models. Empirical studies suggest that these phenomena are influenced by model complexity and the size of the training dataset. In our experiments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Anand Jerry George , Rodrigo Veiga , Nicolas Macris

We propose Noise Conditional Variational Score Distillation (NCVSD), a novel method for distilling pretrained diffusion models into generative denoisers. We achieve this by revealing that the unconditional score function implicitly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyu Peng , Ziyang Zheng , Yaoming Wang , Han Li , Nuowen Kan , Wenrui Dai , Chenglin Li , Junni Zou , Hongkai Xiong

Score matching is an alternative to maximum likelihood estimation when the normalizing constant is unknown or too costly to evaluate. However, vanilla score matching has shown to be inefficient relative to maximum likelihood estimation for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-25 Benedikt Lütke Schwienhorst , Nadja Klein , Johannes Lederer

Score-based models, trained with denoising score matching, are remarkably effective in generating high dimensional data. However, the high variance of their training objective hinders optimisation. We attempt to reduce it with a control…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Paul Jeha , Will Grathwohl , Michael Riis Andersen , Carl Henrik Ek , Jes Frellsen

We study a discrete denoising diffusion framework that integrates a sample-efficient estimator of single-site conditionals with round-robin noising and denoising dynamics for generative modeling over discrete state spaces. Rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Karthik Elamvazhuthi , Abhijith Jayakumar , Andrey Y. Lokhov

Diffusion models generate samples by reversing a fixed forward diffusion process. Despite already providing impressive empirical results, these diffusion models algorithms can be further improved by reducing the variance of the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Yilun Xu , Shangyuan Tong , Tommi Jaakkola

Denoising diffusion models are a popular class of generative models providing state-of-the-art results in many domains. One adds gradually noise to data using a diffusion to transform the data distribution into a Gaussian distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Francisco Vargas , Will Grathwohl , Arnaud Doucet

Reversing a diffusion process by learning its score forms the heart of diffusion-based generative modeling and for estimating properties of scientific systems. The diffusion processes that are tractable center on linear processes with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Raghav Singhal , Mark Goldstein , Rajesh Ranganath

Diffusion-based purification (DBP) methods aim to remove adversarial noise from the input sample by first injecting Gaussian noise through a forward diffusion process, and then recovering the clean example through a reverse generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yuhao Sun , Jiacheng Zhang , Zesheng Ye , Chaowei Xiao , Feng Liu

Diffusion models have become a leading paradigm in generative AI, with score estimation via denoising score matching as a central component. While recent theory provides strong statistical guarantees, it typically relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yinbin Han , Meisam Razaviyayn , Renyuan Xu
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