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Uplift modeling has been used effectively in fields such as marketing and customer retention, to target those customers who are more likely to respond due to the campaign or treatment. Essentially, it is a machine learning technique that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-10 Kun Li , Liangshu Zhu

Uplift modeling is an emerging machine learning approach for estimating the treatment effect at an individual or subgroup level. It can be used for optimizing the performance of interventions such as marketing campaigns and product designs.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-27 Zhenyu Zhao , Totte Harinen

We study uplift estimation for combinatorial treatments. Uplift measures the pure incremental causal effect of an intervention (e.g., sending a coupon or a marketing message) on user behavior, modeled as a conditional individual treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-24 Xinyan Su , Jiacan Gao , Mingyuan Ma , Xiao Xu , Xinrui Wan , Tianqi Gu , Enyun Yu , Jiecheng Guo , Zhiheng Zhang

In personalized marketing, uplift models estimate incremental effects by modeling how customer behavior changes under alternative treatments. However, real-world data often exhibit biases - such as selection bias, spillover effects, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuxuan Yang , Dugang Liu , Yiyan Huang

Customer scoring models are the core of scalable direct marketing. Uplift models provide an estimate of the incremental benefit from a treatment that is used for operational decision-making. Training and monitoring of uplift models require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Johannes Haupt , Daniel Jacob , Robin M. Gubela , Stefan Lessmann

Estimating the Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) is often constrained by the high cost of obtaining outcome measurements, making active learning essential. However, conventional active learning strategies suffer from a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-29 Erdun Gao , Jake Fawkes , Dino Sejdinovic

Uplift models provide a solution to the problem of isolating the marketing effect of a campaign. For customer churn reduction, uplift models are used to identify the customers who are likely to respond positively to a retention activity…

Applications · Statistics 2020-09-21 Mouloud Belbahri , Alejandro Murua , Olivier Gandouet , Vahid Partovi Nia

Uplift is a particular case of conditional treatment effect modeling. Such models deal with cause-and-effect inference for a specific factor, such as a marketing intervention or a medical treatment. In practice, these models are built on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-12 Mouloud Belbahri , Olivier Gandouet , Alejandro Murua , Vahid Partovi Nia

User growth is a major strategy for consumer internet companies. To optimize costly marketing campaigns and maximize user engagement, we propose a novel treatment effect optimization methodology to enhance user growth marketing. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Shuyang Du , Jennifer Zhang , Will Y. Zou

We consider the task of optimizing treatment assignment based on individual treatment effect prediction. This task is found in many applications such as personalized medicine or targeted advertising and has gained a surge of interest in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Artem Betlei , Eustache Diemert , Massih-Reza Amini

Faced with data-driven policies, individuals will manipulate their features to obtain favorable decisions. While earlier works cast these manipulations as undesirable gaming, recent works have adopted a more nuanced causal framing in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Tom Yan , Shantanu Gupta , Zachary Lipton

Modern treatment targeting methods often rely on estimating the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) using machine learning tools. While effective in identifying who benefits from treatment on the individual level, these approaches…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-05 Yuchen Hu , Shuangning Li , Stefan Wager

Uplift modeling is aimed at estimating the incremental impact of an action on an individual's behavior, which is useful in various application domains such as targeted marketing (advertisement campaigns) and personalized medicine (medical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-21 Ikko Yamane , Florian Yger , Jamal Atif , Masashi Sugiyama

Recommender systems often must maximize a primary objective while ensuring secondary ones satisfy minimum thresholds, or "guardrails." This is critical for maintaining a consistent user experience and platform ecosystem, but enforcing these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Daryl Chang , Yi Wu , Jennifer She , Li Wei , Lukasz Heldt

Recommendations are commonly used to modify user's natural behavior, for example, increasing product sales or the time spent on a website. This results in a gap between the ultimate business objective and the classical setup where…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Stephen Bonner , Flavian Vasile

Uplift modeling is a rapidly growing approach that utilizes causal inference and machine learning methods to directly estimate the heterogeneous treatment effects, which has been widely applied to various online marketplaces to assist…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-27 Shu Wan , Chen Zheng , Zhonggen Sun , Mengfan Xu , Xiaoqing Yang , Hongtu Zhu , Jiecheng Guo

Estimating causal effects in e-commerce tends to involve costly treatment assignments which can be impractical in large-scale settings. Leveraging machine learning to predict such treatment effects without actual intervention is a standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 George Panagopoulos , Daniele Malitesta , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros , Jun Pang

Uplift modeling, vital in online marketing, seeks to accurately measure the impact of various strategies, such as coupons or discounts, on different users by predicting the Individual Treatment Effect (ITE). In an e-commerce setting, user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Yinqiu Huang , Shuli Wang , Min Gao , Xue Wei , Changhao Li , Chuan Luo , Yinhua Zhu , Xiong Xiao , Yi Luo

Randomized experiments have been used to assist decision-making in many areas. They help people select the optimal treatment for the test population with certain statistical guarantee. However, subjects can show significant heterogeneity in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Yan Zhao , Xiao Fang , David Simchi-Levi

Individual Treatment Effect (ITE) prediction is an important area of research in machine learning which aims at explaining and estimating the causal impact of an action at the granular level. It represents a problem of growing interest in…