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This paper is concerned with a linear-quadratic (LQ) leader-follower differential game with mixed deterministic and stochastic controls. In the game, the follower is a random controller which means that the follower can choose adapted…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Jingtao Shi , Guangchen Wang

Stackelberg equilibria arise naturally in a range of popular learning problems, such as in security games or indirect mechanism design, and have received increasing attention in the reinforcement learning literature. We present a general…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Matthias Gerstgrasser , David C. Parkes

We study two-player security games which can be viewed as sequences of nonzero-sum matrix games played by an Attacker and a Defender. The evolution of the game is based on a stochastic fictitious play process. Players do not have access to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2010-03-16 Kien C. Nguyen , Tansu Alpcan , Tamer Basar

We consider a security game in a setting consisting of two players (an attacker and a defender), each with a given budget to allocate towards attack and defense, respectively, of a set of nodes. Each node has a certain value to the attacker…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-08 Mustafa Abdallah , Timothy Cason , Saurabh Bagchi , Shreyas Sundaram

Stackelberg equilibrium is a solution concept in two-player games where the leader has commitment rights over the follower. In recent years, it has become a cornerstone of many security applications, including airport patrolling and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Chun Kai Ling , Noam Brown

Cybersecurity planning supports the selection of and implementation of security controls in resource-constrained settings to manage risk. Doing so requires considering adaptive adversaries with different levels of strategic sophistication…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-07 Eric B. DuBois , Ashley Peper , Laura A. Albert

Recent results in the ML community have revealed that learning algorithms used to compute the optimal strategy for the leader to commit to in a Stackelberg game, are susceptible to manipulation by the follower. Such a learning algorithm…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Georgios Birmpas , Jiarui Gan , Alexandros Hollender , Francisco J. Marmolejo-Cossío , Ninad Rajgopal , Alexandros A. Voudouris

We present a numerical approach to finding optimal trajectories for players in a multi-body, asset-guarding game with nonlinear dynamics and non-convex constraints. Using the Iterative Best Response (IBR) scheme, we solve for each player's…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-04 Emmanuel Sin , Murat Arcak , Douglas Philbrick , Peter Seiler

Infrastructure systems are increasingly facing new security threats due to the vulnerabilities of cyber-physical components that support their operation. In this article, we investigate how the infrastructure operator (defender) should…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Manxi Wu , Saurabh Amin

This paper investigates a hybrid stochastic differential reinsurance and investment game between one reinsurer and two insurers, including a stochastic Stackelberg differential subgame and a non-zero-sum stochastic differential subgame. The…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-10-23 Yanfei Bai , Zhongbao Zhou , Helu Xiao , Rui Gao , Feimin Zhong

In order to balance the interests of integrated energy operator (IEO) and users, a novel Stackelberg game-based optimization framework is proposed for the optimal scheduling of integrated demand response (IDR)-enabled integrated energy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-16 Yang Li , Chunling Wang , Guoqing Li , Chen Chen

Ensuring public safety in a Smart City (SC) environment is a critical and increasingly complicated task due to the involvement of multiple agencies and the city's expansion across cyber and social layers. In this paper, we propose an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Dimitrios Sikeridis , Michael Devetsikiotis

We study the problem of online learning in Stackelberg games with side information between a leader and a sequence of followers. In every round the leader observes contextual information and commits to a mixed strategy, after which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maria-Florina Balcan , Martino Bernasconi , Matteo Castiglioni , Andrea Celli , Keegan Harris , Zhiwei Steven Wu

The field of cybersecurity has mostly been a cat-and-mouse game with the discovery of new attacks leading the way. To take away an attacker's advantage of reconnaissance, researchers have proposed proactive defense methods such as Moving…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Sailik Sengupta , Subbarao Kambhampati

We investigate the linear quadratic Gaussian Stackelberg game under a class of nested observation information pattern. Two decision makers implement control strategies relying on different information sets: The follower uses its observation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-07 Zhipeng Li , Damian Marelli , Minyue Fu , Huanshui Zhang

This paper studies a system security problem in the context of observability based on a two-person noncooperative infinitely repeated game. Both the attacker and the defender have means to modify the dimension of the unobservable subspace,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Yueyue Xu , Panpan Zhou , Lin Wang , Zhixin Liu , Xiaoming Hu

This paper investigates the convergence of learning dynamics in Stackelberg games. In the class of games we consider, there is a hierarchical game being played between a leader and a follower with continuous action spaces. We establish a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-07 Tanner Fiez , Benjamin Chasnov , Lillian J. Ratliff

In this paper we consider a defending problem on a network. In the model, the defender holds a total defending resource of R, which can be distributed to the nodes of the network. The defending resource allocated to a node can be shared by…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Minming Li , Long Tran-Thanh , Xiaowei Wu

In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to solve online Stackelberg games, featuring multiple followers, in a follower-agnostic manner. Unlike previous works, our approach works even when leader has no knowledge about the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-28 Chinmay Maheshwari , James Cheng , S. Shankar Sasty , Lillian Ratliff , Eric Mazumdar

Modern organizations (e.g., hospitals, social networks, government agencies) rely heavily on audit to detect and punish insiders who inappropriately access and disclose confidential information. Recent work on audit games models the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Jeremiah Blocki , Nicolas Christin , Anupam Datta , Ariel Procaccia , Arunesh Sinha