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Proof engineering is notoriously labor-intensive: proofs that are straightforward on paper often require lengthy scripts in theorem provers. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) create new opportunities for proof automation:…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yichen Xu , Martin Odersky

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising reasoning abilities, yet evaluating their performance in specialized domains remains challenging. STEM reasoning is a particularly valuable testbed because it provides highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jing Jin , Hao Liu , Yan Bai , Yihang Lou , Zhenke Wang , Tianrun Yuan , Juntong Chen , Yongkang Zhu , Fanhu Zeng , Xuanyu Zhu , Tao Feng , Yige Xu

We present Ax-Prover, a multi-agent system for automated theorem proving in Lean that can solve problems across diverse scientific domains and operate either autonomously or collaboratively with human experts. To achieve this, Ax-Prover…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks, largely enabled by test-time scaling (TTS) paradigms that allocate additional compute during inference. Among these, external TTS (particularly the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Bin Yu , Xinming Wang , Shijie Lian , Haotian Li , Changti Wu , Ruina Hu , Bailing Wang , Yuliang Wei , Kai Chen

Recent studies have demonstrated that test-time compute scaling effectively improves the performance of small language models (sLMs). However, prior research has mainly examined test-time compute scaling with an additional larger model as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Minki Kang , Jongwon Jeong , Jaewoong Cho

We introduce Seed1.5-Thinking, capable of reasoning through thinking before responding, resulting in improved performance on a wide range of benchmarks. Seed1.5-Thinking achieves 86.7 on AIME 2024, 55.0 on Codeforces and 77.3 on GPQA,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 ByteDance Seed , : , Jiaze Chen , Tiantian Fan , Xin Liu , Lingjun Liu , Zhiqi Lin , Mingxuan Wang , Chengyi Wang , Xiangpeng Wei , Wenyuan Xu , Yufeng Yuan , Yu Yue , Lin Yan , Qiying Yu , Xiaochen Zuo , Chi Zhang , Ruofei Zhu , Zhecheng An , Zhihao Bai , Yu Bao , Xingyan Bin , Jiangjie Chen , Feng Chen , Hongmin Chen , Riwei Chen , Liangqiang Chen , Zixin Chen , Jinsong Chen , Siyan Chen , Kaiyuan Chen , Zhi Chen , Jin Chen , Jiecao Chen , Jinxin Chi , Weinan Dai , Ning Dai , Jiahui Dai , Shihan Dou , Yantao Du , Zhengyin Du , Jianhui Duan , Chen Dun , Ting-Han Fan , Jiazhan Feng , Junda Feng , Ziyuan Feng , Yuwei Fu , Wenqi Fu , Hanjie Fu , Hao Ge , Hongyi Guo , Mingji Han , Li Han , Wenhao Hao , Xintong Hao , Qianyu He , Jerry He , Feng He , Wen Heng , Zehua Hong , Qi Hou , Liang Hu , Shengding Hu , Nan Hu , Kai Hua , Qi Huang , Ziyue Huang , Hongzhi Huang , Zihao Huang , Ting Huang , Wenhao Huang , Wei Jia , Bin Jia , Xiaoying Jia , Yuhua Jiang , Haobin Jiang , Ziheng Jiang , Kaihua Jiang , Chengquan Jiang , Jianpeng Jiao , Xiaoran Jin , Xing Jin , Xunhao Lai , Zheng Li , Xiang Li , Liyi Li , Hongkai Li , Zheng Li , Shengxian Wan , Ya Wang , Yunshui Li , Chenggang Li , Niuniu Li , Siyu Li , Xi Li , Xiao Li , Aoyan Li , Yuntao Li , Nianning Liang , Xinnian Liang , Haibin Lin , Weijian Lin , Ye Lin , Zhicheng Liu , Guanlin Liu , Guanlin Liu , Chenxiao Liu , Yan Liu , Gaohong Liu , Juncai Liu , Chundian Liu , Deyi Liu , Kaibo Liu , Siyao Liu , Qi Liu , Yongfei Liu , Kang Liu , Gan Liu , Boyi Liu , Rui Long , Weiqiang Lou , Chenwei Lou , Xiang Luo , Yao Luo , Caiping Lv , Heyang Lv , Bole Ma , Qianli Ma , Hongzhi Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Jin Ma , Wenchang Ma , Tingting Ma , Chen Mao , Qiyang Min , Zhe Nan , Guanghan Ning , Jinxiang Ou , Haojie Pan , Renming Pang , Yanghua Peng , Tao Peng , Lihua Qian , Lihua Qian , Mu Qiao , Meng Qu , Cheng Ren , Hongbin Ren , Yong Shan , Wei Shen , Ke Shen , Kai Shen , Guangming Sheng , Jinlong Shi , Wenlei Shi , Guang Shi , Shuai Shuai Cao , Yuxin Song , Zuquan Song , Jing Su , Yifan Sun , Tao Sun , Zewei Sun , Borui Wan , Zihan Wang , Xiaohui Wang , Xi Wang , Shuguang Wang , Jun Wang , Qinlong Wang , Chenyuan Wang , Shuai Wang , Zihan Wang , Changbao Wang , Jiaqiang Wang , Shihang Wang , Xuwu Wang , Zaiyuan Wang , Yuxuan Wang , Wenqi Wang , Taiqing Wang , Chengzhi Wei , Houmin Wei , Ziyun Wei , Shufa Wei , Zheng Wu , Yonghui Wu , Yangjun Wu , Bohong Wu , Shuang Wu , Jingqiao Wu , Ning Wu , Shuangzhi Wu , Jianmin Wu , Chenguang Xi , Fan Xia , Yuqiao Xian , Liang Xiang , Boren Xiang , Bowen Xiao , Zhen Xiao , Xia Xiao , Yongsheng Xiao , Chao Xin , Shulin Xin , Yuwen Xiong , Jingjing Xu , Ziwen Xu , Chenyin Xu , Jiayi Xu , Yifan Xu , Wei Xu , Yufei Xu , Shikun Xu , Shipeng Yan , Shen Yan , Qingping Yang , Xi Yang , Tianhao Yang , Yuehang Yang , Yuan Yang , Ximing Yang , Zeyu Yang , Guang Yang , Yifan Yang , Xuesong Yao , Bairen Yi , Fan Yin , Jianian Yin , Ziqiang Ying , Xiangyu Yu , Hongli Yu , Song Yu , Menghan Yu , Huan Yu , Siyu Yuan , Jun Yuan , Yutao Zeng , Tianyang Zhan , Zheng Zhang , Yun Zhang , Mofan Zhang , Wang Zhang , Ru Zhang , Zhi Zhang , Tianqi Zhang , Xinyi Zhang , Zhexi Zhang , Sijun Zhang , Wenqiang Zhang , Xiangxiang Zhang , Yongtao Zhang , Yuyu Zhang , Ge Zhang , He Zhang , Yue Zhang , Renjie Zheng , Ningxin Zheng , Zhuolin Zheng , Yaowei Zheng , Chen Zheng , Xiaoyun Zhi , Wanjun Zhong , Cheng Zhong , Zheng Zhong , Baoquan Zhong , Xun Zhou , Na Zhou , Huan Zhou , Hang Zhu , Defa Zhu , Wenjia Zhu , Lei Zuo

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Xiaorui Shi , Ke Weng , Haozhe Sun , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Hengyu Liu , Lun Du

Prior work has combined chain-of-thought prompting in large language models (LLMs) with programmatic representations to perform effective and transparent reasoning. While such an approach works well for tasks that only require forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Xi Ye , Qiaochu Chen , Isil Dillig , Greg Durrett

Language has long been conceived as an essential tool for human reasoning. The breakthrough of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sparked significant research interest in leveraging these models to tackle complex reasoning tasks. Researchers…

Large language models (LLMs) have been used to generate formal proofs of mathematical theorems in proofs assistants such as Lean. However, we often want to optimize a formal proof with respect to various criteria, depending on its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Riyaz Ahuja , Jeremy Avigad , Prasad Tetali , Sean Welleck

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of solving a wide range of tasks, yet they have struggled with reasoning. To address this, we propose $\textbf{Additional Logic Training (ALT)}$, which aims to enhance LLMs' reasoning capabilities by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Terufumi Morishita , Gaku Morio , Atsuki Yamaguchi , Yasuhiro Sogawa

Despite significant advancements in the general capability of large language models (LLMs), they continue to struggle with consistent and accurate reasoning, especially in complex tasks such as mathematical and code reasoning. One key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhenwen Liang , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Xiangliang Zhang , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the rise of reasoning-intensive inference paradigms, where models perform explicit step-by-step reasoning before generating final answers. While such approaches improve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zichuan Fu , Xian Wu , Guojing Li , Yejing Wang , Yijun Chen , Zihao Zhao , Yixuan Luo , Hanyu Yan , Yefeng Zheng , Xiangyu Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence by enabling complex reasoning capabilities. While recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have primarily focused on domain-specific reasoning tasks (e.g.,…

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have exhibited strong performance on complex reasoning tasks, with further gains achievable through increased computational budgets at inference. However, current test-time scaling methods predominantly rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jie Chen , Jinhao Jiang , Yingqian Min , Zican Dong , Shijie Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Mathematical reasoning remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs) due to hallucinations. When combined with formal proof assistants like Lean, these hallucinations can be eliminated through rigorous verification,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Robert Joseph George , Suozhi Huang , Peiyang Song , Anima Anandkumar

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) in formal languages remains a formidable challenge in AI, demanding rigorous logical deduction and navigating vast search spaces. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promising performance, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Zhenwen Liang , Linfeng Song , Yang Li , Tao Yang , Feng Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

This study aims to observe if the theorem prover Lean positively influences students' understanding of mathematical proving. To this end, we perform a pilot study concerning freshmen students at the University of Zurich (UZH). While doing…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Mattia Luciano Bottoni , Alberto S. Cattaneo , Elif Sacikara

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) for mathematical reasoning have largely focused on tasks with easily verifiable final answers while generating and verifying natural language math proofs remains an open challenge. We identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenjie Ma , Andrei Cojocaru , Neel Kolhe , Bradley Louie , Robin Said Sharif , Haihan Zhang , Vincent Zhuang , Matei Zaharia , Sewon Min

Recent supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approaches have significantly improved language models' performance on mathematical reasoning tasks, even when models are trained at a small scale. However, the specific capabilities enhanced through such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Yiyou Sun , Georgia Zhou , Haoyue Bai , Hao Wang , Dacheng Li , Nouha Dziri , Dawn Song