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As a result of continuing advances in computer capabilities, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between humans and computers in the digital world. We propose using the fundamental human ability to distinguish between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah

As multimodal large language models (LLMs) advance, traditional CAPTCHAs have become obsolete at distinguishing humans from bots. To address this shift, this paper aims to investigate the possibility of using tasks for which humans have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Choon-Hou Rafael Chong

Text-based password schemes have inherent security and usability problems, leading to the development of graphical password schemes. However, most of these alternate schemes are vulnerable to spyware attacks. We propose a new scheme, using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Liming Wang , Xiuling Chang , Zhongjie Ren , Haichang Gao , Xiyang Liu , Uwe Aickelin

Providing security for webservers against unwanted and automated registrations has become a big concern. To prevent these kinds of false registrations many websites use CAPTCHAs. Among all kinds of CAPTCHAs OCR-Based or visual CAPTCHAs are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-10-17 Ariyan Zarei

Previous work showed that reCAPTCHA v2's image challenges could be solved by automated programs armed with Deep Neural Network (DNN) image classifiers and vision APIs provided by off-the-shelf image recognition services. In response to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Md Imran Hossen , Yazhou Tu , Md Fazle Rabby , Md Nazmul Islam , Hui Cao , Xiali Hei

A secure human identification protocol aims at authenticating human users to a remote server when even the users' inputs are not hidden from an adversary. Recently, the authors proposed a human identification protocol in the RSA Conference…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Hassan Jameel , Heejo Lee , Sungyoung Lee

Modern CAPTCHAs rely heavily on vision tasks that are supposedly hard for computers but easy for humans. However, advances in image recognition models pose a significant threat to such CAPTCHAs. These models can easily be fooled by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Yahya Jabary , Andreas Plesner , Turlan Kuzhagaliyev , Roger Wattenhofer

CAPTCHAs or reverse Turing tests are real-time assessments used by programs (or computers) to tell humans and machines apart. This is achieved by assigning and assessing hard AI problems that could only be solved easily by human but not by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2014-02-05 A. K. B. Karunathilake , B. M. D. Balasuriya , R. G. Ragel

It is increasingly becoming difficult for human beings to work on their day to day life without going through the process of reverse Turing test, where the Computers tests the users to be humans or not. Almost every website and service…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Jimut Bahan Pal

Turing test was originally proposed to examine whether machine's behavior is indistinguishable from a human. The most popular and practical Turing test is CAPTCHA, which is to discriminate algorithm from human by offering recognition-alike…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Jiaming Zhang , Jitao Sang , Kaiyuan Xu , Shangxi Wu , Yongli Hu , Yanfeng Sun , Jian Yu

CAPTCHA(Completely Automated Public Turing test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) can be used to protect data from auto bots. Countless kinds of CAPTCHAs are thus designed, while we most frequently utilize text-based scheme because of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Ye Wang , Mi Lu

A recent study has found that malicious bots generated nearly a quarter of overall website traffic in 2019 [100]. These malicious bots perform activities such as price and content scraping, account creation and takeover, credit card fraud,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Meriem Guerar , Luca Verderame , Mauro Migliardi , Francesco Palmieri , Alessio Merlo

CAPTCHAs are a defense mechanism to prevent malicious bot programs from abusing websites on the Internet. hCaptcha is a relatively new but emerging image CAPTCHA service. This paper presents an automated system that can break hCaptcha…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Md Imran Hossen , Xiali Hei

CAPTCHAs remain a critical defense against automated abuse, yet modern systems suffer from well-known limitations in usability, accessibility, and resistance to increasingly capable bots and low-cost CAPTCHA farms. Behavioral and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Shovon Paul , Md Imran Hossen , Xiali Hei

CAPTCHAs are employed as a security measure to differentiate human users from bots. A new sound-based CAPTCHA is proposed in this paper, which exploits the gaps between human voice and synthetic voice rather than relays on the auditory…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-06-13 Haichang Gao , Honggang Liu , Dan Yao , Xiyang Liu , Uwe Aickelin

As automation bot technology and Artificial Intelligence is evolving rapidly, conventional human verification techniques like voice CAPTCHAs and knowledge-based authentication are becoming less effective. Bots and scrapers with Artificial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Aditya Mitra , Sibi Chakkaravarthy Sethuraman , Devi Priya V S

We introduce GOTCHAs (Generating panOptic Turing Tests to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) as a way of preventing automated offline dictionary attacks against user selected passwords. A GOTCHA is a randomized puzzle generation protocol,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-10-07 Jeremiah Blocki , Manuel Blum , Anupam Datta

Since about 2003, captchas have been widely used as a barrier against bots, while simultaneously annoying great multitudes of users worldwide. As their use grew, techniques to defeat or bypass captchas kept improving, while captchas…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Andrew Searles , Renascence Tarafder Prapty , Gene Tsudik

Following the principle of to set one's own spear against one's own shield, we study how to design adversarial CAPTCHAs in this paper. We first identify the similarity and difference between adversarial CAPTCHA generation and existing hot…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Chenghui Shi , Xiaogang Xu , Shouling Ji , Kai Bu , Jianhai Chen , Raheem Beyah , Ting Wang

Crowdsourcing human-solving or online typing attacks are destructive problems. However, studies into these topics have been limited. In this paper, we focus on this kind of attacks whereby all the CAPTCHAs can be simply broken because of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Jianyi Zhang , Xiali Hei , Zhiqiang Wang