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For a number of years, many websites have used CAPTCHAs to filter out interactions by bots. However, attackers have found ways to circumvent CAPTCHAs by programming bots to solve or bypass them, or even relay them for humans to solve. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-11 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah

CAPTCHAs have long been essential tools for protecting applications from automated bots. Initially designed as simple questions to distinguish humans from bots, they have become increasingly complex to keep pace with the proliferation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ziqi Ding , Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Junchen Ding , Jieshan Chen , Yulei Sui , Yuekang Li

The rapid evolution of GUI-enabled agents has rendered traditional CAPTCHAs obsolete. While previous benchmarks like OpenCaptchaWorld established a baseline for evaluating multimodal agents, recent advancements in reasoning-heavy models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiacheng Liu , Yaxin Luo , Jiacheng Cui , Xinyi Shang , Xiaohan Zhao , Zhiqiang Shen

For the last ten years, CAPTCHAs have been widely used by websites to prevent their data being automatically updated by machines. By supposedly allowing only humans to do so, CAPTCHAs take advantage of the reverse Turing test (TT), knowing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-09-04 Ahmad B. A. Hassanat

Over the last years, most websites on which users can register (e.g., email providers and social networks) adopted CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) as a countermeasure against automated…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2015-12-18 Mauro Conti , Claudio Guarisco , Riccardo Spolaor

The proliferation of the Internet and mobile devices has resulted in malicious bots access to genuine resources and data. Bots may instigate phishing, unauthorized access, denial-of-service, and spoofing attacks to mention a few.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 N. Tariq , F. A. Khan , S. A. Moqurrab , G. Srivastava

CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Truing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a widely used technology to distinguish real users and automated users such as bots. However, the advance of AI technologies weakens many CAPTCHA tests…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Rulin Shao , Zhouxing Shi , Jinfeng Yi , Pin-Yu Chen , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Several websites improve their security and avoid dangerous Internet attacks by implementing CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart), a type of verification to identify whether the end-user is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Jaskaran Singh Walia , Aryan Odugoudar

A CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is an automatic security mechanism used to determine whether the user is a human or a malicious computer program. It is a program that generates and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2013-12-31 Mohammad Jabed Morshed Chowdhury , Narayan Ranjan Chakraborty

In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) especially multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), has enabled it to understand text, images, videos, and other multimedia data, allowing AI systems to execute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Lehao Lin , Ke Wang , Maha Abdallah , Wei Cai

CAPTCHA is a human-centred test to distinguish a human operator from bots, attacking programs, or other computerised agents that tries to imitate human intelligence. In this research, we investigate a way to crack visual CAPTCHA tests by an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Zahra Noury , Mahdi Rezaei

To this date, CAPTCHAs have served as the first line of defense preventing unauthorized access by (malicious) bots to web-based services, while at the same time maintaining a trouble-free experience for human visitors. However, recent work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Briland Hitaj , Sushil Jajodia , Luigi V. Mancini

Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) has been implemented on many websites to identify between harmful automated bots and legitimate users. However, the revenue generated by the bots has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Rui Jin , Lin Huang , Jikang Duan , Wei Zhao , Yong Liao , Pengyuan Zhou

Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart, short for CAPTCHA, is an essential and relatively easy way to defend against malicious attacks implemented by bots. The security and usability trade-off limits the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Zisheng Xu , Qiao Yan , F. Richard Yu , Victor C. M. Leung

For nearly two decades, CAPTCHAs have been widely used as a means of protection against bots. Throughout the years, as their use grew, techniques to defeat or bypass CAPTCHAs have continued to improve. Meanwhile, CAPTCHAs have also evolved…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Andrew Searles , Yoshimichi Nakatsuka , Ercan Ozturk , Andrew Paverd , Gene Tsudik , Ai Enkoji

Atomizing various Web activities by replacing human to human interactions on the Internet has been made indispensable due to its enormous growth. However, bots also known as Web-bots which have a malicious intend and pretending to be humans…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-12-26 M. Tariq Banday , N. A. Shah

Completely Automated Public Turing tests to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHAs) are a foundational component of web security, yet traditional implementations suffer from a trade-off between usability and resilience against AI-powered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ayda Aghaei Nia

CAPTCHAs are commonly used to distinguish between human and bot users on the web. However, despite having various types of CAPTCHAs, there are still concerns about their security and usability. To address these concerns, we surveyed over…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Arun Reddy , Yuan Cheng

Online services rely on CAPTCHAs as a first line of defense against automated abuse, yet recent advances in multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have eroded the effectiveness of conventional designs that focus on text recognition or 2D…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Arina Kharlamova , Bowei He , Chen Ma , Xue Liu

With the growth of connectivity to smart grids, new applications, and the changing interaction between customer and energy clouds, clouds are more vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks. Efficient detection methods are required to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Monther Aldwairi , Suaad Mohammed , Megana Lakshmi Padmanabhan
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