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Background: Value alignment in computer science research is often used to refer to the process of aligning artificial intelligence with humans, but the way the phrase is used often lacks precision. Objectives: In this paper, we conduct a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Jack McKinlay , Marina De Vos , Janina A. Hoffmann , Andreas Theodorou

If AI systems match or exceed human capabilities on a wide range of tasks, it may become difficult for humans to efficiently judge their actions -- making it hard to use human feedback to steer them towards desirable traits. One proposed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Marie Davidsen Buhl , Jacob Pfau , Benjamin Hilton , Geoffrey Irving

AI systems will soon have to navigate human environments and make decisions that affect people and other AI agents whose goals and values diverge. Contractualist alignment proposes grounding those decisions in agreements that diverse…

AI alignment considers how we can encode AI systems in a way that is compatible with human values. The normative side of this problem asks what moral values or principles, if any, we should encode in AI. To this end, we present a framework…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Betty Li Hou , Brian Patrick Green

General Alignment has improved average-case helpfulness and safety, but current alignment practice still rewards confident, single-turn responses. The problem is not only that models fail on edge cases; it is that current evaluation makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Han Bao , Yue Huang , Xiaoda Wang , Zheyuan Zhang , Yujun Zhou , Carl Yang , Xiangliang Zhang , Yanfang Ye

As AI systems become embedded in everyday practice, value misalignment has emerged as a pressing concern. Yet, dominant alignment approaches remain model centric, treating users as passive recipients of prespecified values rather than as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Anne Arzberger , Enrico Liscio , Maria Luce Lupetti , Inigo Martinez de Rituerto de Troya , Jie Yang

Recent advances in general-purpose AI underscore the urgent need to align AI systems with human goals and values. Yet, the lack of a clear, shared understanding of what constitutes "alignment" limits meaningful progress and…

principles that should govern autonomous AI systems. It essentially states that a system's goals and behaviour should be aligned with human values. But how to ensure value alignment? In this paper we first provide a formal model to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Carles Sierra , Nardine Osman , Pablo Noriega , Jordi Sabater-Mir , Antoni Perelló

Populating our world with hyperintelligent machines obliges us to examine cognitive behaviors observed across domains that suggest autonomy may be a fundamental property of cognitive systems, and while not inherently adversarial, it…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-09 Andrea Morris

Given that AI systems are set to play a pivotal role in future decision-making processes, their trustworthiness and reliability are of critical concern. Due to their scale and complexity, modern AI systems resist direct interpretation, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Binxia Xu , Antonis Bikakis , Daniel Onah , Andreas Vlachidis , Luke Dickens

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly placed in positions where their decisions have real consequences, e.g., moderating online spaces, conducting research, and advising on policy. Ensuring they operate in a safe and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Joel Z. Leibo , Alexander Sasha Vezhnevets , William A. Cunningham , Sébastien Krier , Manfred Diaz , Simon Osindero

We focus on the problem of designing an artificial agent (AI), capable of assisting a human user to complete a task. Our goal is to guide human users towards optimal task performance while keeping their cognitive load as low as possible.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Gilwoo Lee , Christoforos Mavrogiannis , Siddhartha S. Srinivasa

As large language models evolve into tool-augmented agents, a central question remains unresolved: when is external tool use actually justified? Existing agent frameworks typically treat tools as ordinary actions and optimize for task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Hongru Wang , Cheng Qian , Manling Li , Jiahao Qiu , Boyang Xue , Mengdi Wang , Heng Ji , Amos Storkey , Kam-Fai Wong

Humans frequently make decisions with the aid of artificially intelligent (AI) systems. A common pattern is for the AI to recommend an action to the human who retains control over the final decision. Researchers have identified ensuring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ziyang Guo , Yifan Wu , Jason Hartline , Jessica Hullman

This position paper argues that safety and alignment cannot be achieved by constraining an external system: they must emerge from the co-regulatory design of the human--AI cognitive system as a whole ("AI as Part of Self"). Contemporary AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Alina Gutoreva , Fendi Tsim , Trisevgeni Papakonstantinou

Alignment of artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses the normative problem of specifying how AI systems should act and the technical problem of ensuring AI systems comply with those specifications. To date, AI alignment has generally…

It has recently been argued that AI models' representations are becoming aligned as their scale and performance increase. Empirical analyses have been designed to support this idea and conjecture the possible alignment of different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Francesco Insulla , Shuo Huang , Lorenzo Rosasco

As AI adoption expands across human society, the problem of aligning AI models to match human preferences remains a grand challenge. Currently, the AI alignment field is deeply divided between behavioral and representational approaches,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Ben Y. Reis , William La Cava

Given that Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly permeates our lives, it is critical that we systematically align AI objectives with the goals and values of humans. The human-AI alignment problem stems from the impracticality of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-07-05 John Nay , James Daily

According to several empirical investigations, despite enhancing human capabilities, human-AI cooperation frequently falls short of expectations and fails to reach true synergy. We propose a task-driven framework that reverses prevalent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Saleh Afroogh , Kush R. Varshney , Jason D'Cruz