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A rapid deployment of renewable generation has led to significant reduction in the rotational system inertia and damping, thus making frequency control in power systems more challenging. This paper proposes a novel control scheme based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-07 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug , Duncan Callaway , Evangelos Vrettos

The reduced level of system inertia in low-carbon power grids increases the need for alternative frequency services. However, simultaneously optimising the provision of these services in the scheduling process, subject to significant…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-20 Luis Badesa , Fei Teng , Goran Strbac

This paper presents an integration study for a power electronic-based fast-frequency response technology, an asynchronous grid connection operating as an aggregator for behindthe-meter resources and distributed generators. Both technical…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-22 Felix Wald , Amir Sajadi , Barry Mather , Giovanni De Carne

Data centers host a variety of essential services such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence. Electric grid operators, however, have limited knowledge of the reliability risks of data center interconnection due to their unique…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 Grant Ruan , Marija D. Ilic , Le Xie

Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Ensuring the frequency stability of electric grids with increasing renewable resources is a key problem in power system operations. In recent years, a number of advanced controllers have been designed to optimize frequency control. These…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-23 Wenqi Cui , Guanya Shi , Yuanyuan Shi , Baosen Zhang

Modern power systems present low levels of inertia due to the growing shares of converter-interfaced generation. Consequently, renewable energy sources are increasingly requested to provide frequency support. In addition, due to the inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-23 Joakim Björk , Daniel Vázquez Pombo , Karl Henrik Johansson

Hybrid AC/DC microgrids with distributed energy storage (DS) improve power reliability in remote areas. Existing power management methods either focus on steady-state power sharing or transient inertia support, but rarely combine both. They…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Qingzuo Meng , Pengfeng Lin , Yujie Wang , Miao Zhu , Amer M. Ghias , Syed Islam , Frede Blaabjerg

The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Guangchun , Ruan , Xiuqiang He

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

To ensure frequency stability in future low-inertia power grids, fast ancillary services such as fast frequency reserves (FFR) have been proposed. In this work, the coordination of conventional (slow) frequency containment reserves (FCR)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-08 Joakim Björk , Karl Henrik Johansson , Florian Dörfler

To ensure adequate and economic reserve for primary frequency response in the current and future power system, this paper proposes real-time frequency response reserve (FRR) requirement based on system inertia. This minimum FRR will help…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-15 Shutang You

As hyperscale and co-located data centers scale, the electric grid sees an increase in large, voltage-sensitive IT loads with these data center plant size ranging between 500 MW to 2 GW. A sudden loss of these loads as they switch to onsite…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Soham Ghosh , Mohammad Ashraf Hossain Sadi

In modern power systems, shiftable loads contribute to the flexibility needed to increase robustness and ensure security. Thermal loads are among the most promising candidates for providing such service due to the large thermal storage time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-01 Johanna Vorwerk , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Evangelos Vrettos , Gabriela Hug

With the increasing use of renewable generation in power systems, responsive resources will be necessary to support primary frequency control in future low-inertia/under-damped power systems. Flexible loads can provide fast-frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-28 Hani Mavalizadeh , Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa , Mads R. Almassalkhi

With the continuous increase in the penetration of renewable energy in the emerging power systems, the pressure on system peak regulation has been significantly intensified. Against this backdrop, demand side resources particularly air…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-15 Jinhua He , Tingzhe Pan , Chao Li , Xin Jin , Zijie Meng , Wei Zhou

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Chao Duan , Pratyush Chakraborty , Takashi Nishikawa , Adilson E. Motter

Power grid frequency control is a demanding task requiring expensive idle power plants to adapt the supply to the fluctuating demand. An alternative approach is controlling the demand side in such a way that certain appliances modify their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-08-09 E. B. Tchawou Tchuisseu , D. Gomila , D. Brunner , P. Colet

With more inverter-based resources (IBRs), our power systems have lower frequency nadirs following N-1 contingencies, and undesired under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) can occur. To address this challenge, IBRs can be programmed to provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-29 Shuan Dong , Xin Fang , Jin Tan , Ningchao Gao , Xiaofan Cui , Anderson Hoke

Heat pumps have the capability for fast adjustments in power consumption with potential connections to large heating-inertia district heating networks, and are thus a very important resource for providing frequency support in low-inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xin Qin , Ioannis Lestas