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One of the largest obstacles to building a quantum computer is gate error, where the physical evolution of the state of a qubit or group of qubits during a gate operation does not match the intended unitary transformation. Gate error stems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 Eliot Kapit

Magic states are fundamental building blocks on the road to fault-tolerant quantum computing. CSS codes play a crucial role in the construction of magic distillation protocols. Previous work has cast quantum computing with magic states for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Rhea Alexander , Si Gvirtz-Chen , Nikolaos Koukoulekidis , David Jennings

The Quantum Computer Condition (QCC) provides a rigorous and completely general framework for carrying out analyses of questions pertaining to fault-tolerance in quantum computers. In this paper we apply the QCC to the problem of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gerald Gilbert , Michael Hamrick , F. Javier Thayer , Yaakov S. Weinstein

Quantum computation, a completely different paradigm of computing, benefits from theoretically proven speed-ups for certain problems and opens up the possibility of exactly studying the properties of quantum systems. Yet, because of the…

It is not so well-known that measurement-free quantum error correction protocols can be designed to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing. Despite the potential advantages of using such protocols in terms of the relaxation of accuracy,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-02 Gerardo A. Paz-Silva , Gavin K. Brennen , Jason Twamley

Universal quantum computation (UQC) using Majorana fermions on a 2D topological superconducting (TS) medium remains an outstanding open problem. This is because the quantum gate set that can be generated by braiding of the Majorana fermions…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2010-11-25 Jay D. Sau , Sumanta Tewari , S. Das Sarma

Continuous-variable cluster states allow for fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computing when used in tandem with the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) encoding of a qubit into a bosonic mode. For quad-rail-lattice macronode cluster…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Blayney W. Walshe , Rafael N. Alexander , Nicolas C. Menicucci , Ben Q. Baragiola

Scalable quantum computing can only be achieved if qubits are manipulated fault-tolerantly. Topological error correction - a novel method which combines topological quantum computing and quantum error correction - possesses the highest…

Errors in the current generation of quantum processors pose a significant challenge towards practical-scale implementations of quantum machine learning (QML) as they lead to trainability issues arising from noise-induced barren plateaus, as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Haiyue Kang , Younghun Kim , Eromanga Adermann , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

Accurate and efficient control of quantum systems is one of the central challenges for quantum information processing. Current state-of-the-art experiments rarely go beyond 10 qubits and in most cases demonstrate only limited control. Here…

Magic is a non-classical resource whose efficient manipulation is fundamental to advancing efficient and scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Quantum advantage is possible only if both magic and entanglement are present. Of particular…

Quantum computing experiments are transitioning from running on physical qubits to using encoded, logical qubits. Fault-tolerant computation can identify and correct errors, and has the potential to enable the dramatically reduced logical…

Fault tolerant quantum computing methods which work with efficient quantum error correcting codes are discussed. Several new techniques are introduced to restrict accumulation of errors before or during the recovery. Classes of eligible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrew M. Steane

We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state $|0\rangle$ computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-07 Sergei Bravyi , Alexei Kitaev

In fault-tolerant quantum computing with the surface code, non-Clifford gates are crucial for universal computation. However, implementing these gates using methods like magic state distillation and code switching requires significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Sheng-Jie Huang , Yanzhu Chen

We compare two different implementations of fault-tolerant entangling gates on logical qubits. In one instance, a twelve-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer is used to implement a non-transversal logical CNOT gate between two five qubit…

In a model of fault-tolerant quantum computation with quick and noiseless polyloglog-time auxiliary classical computation, we construct a fault tolerance protocol with constant-space and $\widetilde{O}(\log N)$-time overhead, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-15 Quynh T. Nguyen , Christopher A. Pattison

Distributed quantum computing allows the modular construction of large-scale quantum computers and enables new protocols for blind quantum computation. However, such applications in the large-scale, fault-tolerant regime place stringent…

High-rate and large-distance quantum codes are expected to make fault-tolerant quantum computing more efficient, but most of them lack efficient fault-tolerant encoded-state preparation methods. We propose such a fault-tolerant encoder for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Naoyuki Kanomata , Hayato Goto

Fault-tolerant quantum computation requires minimizing non-Clifford gates, whose implementation via magic state distillation dominates the resource costs. While $T$-count minimization is well-studied, dedicated $CCZ$ factories shift the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Kirill Khoruzhii , Patrick Gelß , Sebastian Pokutta