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The rapid deployment of LLM-based autonomous agents has introduced safety risks that extend far beyond traditional LLM concerns, prompting a proliferation of safety benchmarks since late 2023. However, these benchmarks have developed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Boyang Li , Heba Ismail , Farkhund Iqbal

AI models and services are used in a growing number of highstakes areas, resulting in a need for increased transparency. Consistent with this, several proposals for higher quality and more consistent documentation of AI data, models, and…

This report provides a detailed comparison between the Safety and Security measures proposed in the EU AI Act's General-Purpose AI (GPAI) Code of Practice (Third Draft) and the current commitments and practices voluntarily adopted by…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Lily Stelling , Mick Yang , Rokas Gipiškis , Leon Staufer , Ze Shen Chin , Siméon Campos , Ariel Gil , Michael Chen

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about manipulative or deceptive behaviors that can undermine user autonomy, trust, and well-being. Existing safety benchmarks predominantly rely on coarse binary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sadia Asif , Israel Antonio Rosales Laguan , Haris Khan , Shumaila Asif , Muneeb Asif

Recent advances in AI agents capable of solving complex, everyday tasks, from scheduling to customer service, have enabled deployment in real-world settings, but their possibilities for unsafe behavior demands rigorous evaluation. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sanidhya Vijayvargiya , Aditya Bharat Soni , Xuhui Zhou , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Nouha Dziri , Graham Neubig , Maarten Sap

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve into autonomous agents, existing safety evaluations face a fundamental trade-off: manual benchmarks are costly, while LLM-based simulators are scalable but suffer from logic hallucination. We present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Changyi Li , Pengfei Lu , Xudong Pan , Fazl Barez , Min Yang

As frontier AI models are deployed in high-stakes decision pipelines, their ability to maintain metacognitive stability (knowing what they do not know, detecting errors, seeking clarification) under adversarial pressure is a critical safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Rahul Kumar

If AI models can detect when they are being evaluated, the effectiveness of evaluations might be compromised. For example, models could have systematically different behavior during evaluations, leading to less reliable benchmarks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Joe Needham , Giles Edkins , Govind Pimpale , Henning Bartsch , Marius Hobbhahn

To understand and identify the unprecedented risks posed by rapidly advancing artificial intelligence (AI) models, this report presents a comprehensive assessment of their frontier risks. Drawing on the E-T-C analysis (deployment…

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world applications, scalable and rigorous safety evaluation is essential. This paper introduces Aymara AI, a programmatic platform for generating and administering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Juan Manuel Contreras

The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act establishes comprehensive requirements for high-risk AI systems, yet the harmonized standards necessary for demonstrating compliance remain not fully developed. In this paper, we investigate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Gregor Autischer , Kerstin Waxnegger , Dominik Kowald

Specialized clinical AI assistants are rapidly entering medical practice, often framed as safer or more reliable than general-purpose large language models (LLMs). Yet, unlike frontier models, these clinical tools are rarely subjected to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Krithik Vishwanath , Mrigayu Ghosh , Anton Alyakin , Daniel Alexander Alber , Yindalon Aphinyanaphongs , Eric Karl Oermann

As AI systems' sophistication and proliferation have increased, awareness of the risks has grown proportionally (Sorkin et al. 2023). In response, calls have grown for stronger emphasis on disclosure and transparency in the AI industry…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Eli Sherman , Ian W. Eisenberg

Assurance for artificial intelligence (AI) systems remains fragmented across software supply-chain security, adversarial machine learning, and governance documentation. Existing transparency mechanisms - including Model Cards, Datasheets,…

The evaluation of explainable AI (XAI) methods is affected by a lack of standardization. Metrics are inconsistently defined, incompletely reported, and rarely validated against common baselines. In this paper, we identify transparency of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Rokas Gipiškis , Olga Kurasova

Generative AI is rapidly moving from research to deployment, elevating the need for responsible development, evaluation, and governance. We conduct a PRISMA guided review of 232 studies (November 2022 - December 2025), spanning large…

Ramaswamy et al. reported in Nature Medicine that ChatGPT Health under-triages 51.6% of emergencies, concluding that consumer-facing AI triage poses safety risks. However, their evaluation used an exam-style protocol -- forced A/B/C/D…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-27 David Fraile Navarro , Farah Magrabi , Enrico Coiera

Frontier AI safety claims - published assertions that a highly capable general-purpose model is below a threshold of concern, adequately mitigated, or suitable for release - increasingly shape model deployment, governance, and public trust.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Varad Vishwarupe , Nigel Shadbolt , Marina Jirotka , Ivan Flechais

Risk reporting is essential for documenting AI models, yet only 14% of model cards mention risks, out of which 96% copying content from a small set of cards, leading to a lack of actionable insights. Existing proposals for improving model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Pooja S. B. Rao , Sanja Šćepanović , Ke Zhou , Edyta Paulina Bogucka , Daniele Quercia

We introduce the first version of the AI Consumer Index (ACE), a benchmark for assessing whether frontier AI models can perform everyday consumer tasks. ACE contains a hidden heldout set of 400 test cases, split across four consumer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Julien Benchek , Rohit Shetty , Benjamin Hunsberger , Ajay Arun , Zach Richards , Brendan Foody , Osvald Nitski , Bertie Vidgen