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Spatial reasoning ability is crucial for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to support real-world applications in diverse domains including robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation. Unfortunately, existing benchmarks are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinmiao Huang , Qisong He , Zhenglin Huang , Boxuan Wang , Zhuoyun Li , Guangliang Cheng , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant advances in visual understanding tasks. However, their capacity to comprehend human-centric scenes has rarely been explored, primarily due to the absence of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Yuansen Liu , Haiming Tang , Jinlong Peng , Jiangning Zhang , Xiaozhong Ji , Qingdong He , Wenbin Wu , Donghao Luo , Zhenye Gan , Junwei Zhu , Yunhang Shen , Chaoyou Fu , Chengjie Wang , Xiaobin Hu , Shuicheng Yan

Sports have long attracted broad attention as they push the limits of human physical and cognitive capabilities. Amid growing interest in spatial intelligence for vision-language models (VLMs), sports provide a natural testbed for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuchen Yang , Yuqing Shao , Duxiu Huang , Linfeng Dong , Yifei Liu , Suixin Tang , Xiang Zhou , Yuanyuan Gao , Wei Wang , Yue Zhou , Xue Yang , Yanfeng Wang , Xiao Sun , Zhihang Zhong

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at many vision tasks, it is unknown if they exhibit human-like perceptual behaviors. To evaluate this, we introduce HVSBench, the first large-scale benchmark with over 85,000 samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jiaying Lin , Shuquan Ye , Dan Xu , Wanli Ouyang , Rynson W. H. Lau

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on perception-oriented tasks, yet their ability to perform mathematical spatial reasoning, defined as the capacity to parse and manipulate two- and three-dimensional…

Video spatial reasoning, which involves inferring the underlying spatial structure from observed video frames, poses a significant challenge for existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). This limitation stems primarily from 1) the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Kun Ouyang , Yuanxin Liu , Haoning Wu , Yi Liu , Hao Zhou , Jie Zhou , Fandong Meng , Xu Sun

Humans possess spatial reasoning abilities that enable them to understand spaces through multimodal observations, such as vision and sound. Large multimodal reasoning models extend these abilities by learning to perceive and reason, showing…

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides in natural image understanding, their ability to perceive and reason over hyperspectral image (HSI) remains underexplored, which is a vital modality in remote…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xinyu Zhang , Zurong Mai , Qingmei Li , Zjin Liao , Yibin Wen , Yuhang Chen , Xiaoya Fan , Chan Tsz Ho , Bi Tianyuan , Haoyuan Liang , Ruifeng Su , Zihao Qian , Juepeng Zheng , Jianxi Huang , Yutong Lu , Haohuan Fu

Capturing spatial relationships from visual inputs is a cornerstone of human-like general intelligence. Several previous studies have tried to enhance the spatial awareness of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) by adding extra expert encoders,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rui Yang , Ziyu Zhu , Yanwei Li , Jingjia Huang , Shen Yan , Siyuan Zhou , Zhe Liu , Xiangtai Li , Shuangye Li , Wenqian Wang , Yi Lin , Hengshuang Zhao

Recent video multimodal large language models achieve impressive results across various benchmarks. However, current evaluations suffer from two critical limitations: (1) inflated scores can mask deficiencies in fine-grained visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Jiahao Meng , Tan Yue , Qi Xu , Haochen Wang , Zhongwei Ren , Weisong Liu , Yuhao Wang , Renrui Zhang , Yunhai Tong , Haodong Duan

Synergistic spatial intelligence between UAVs and satellites is indispensable for emergency response and security operations, as it uniquely integrates macro-scale global coverage with dynamic, real-time local perception. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Dian Liu , Jie Feng , Di Li , Yuhui Zheng , Guanbin Li , Weisheng Dong , Guangming Shi

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated extraordinary vision-language understanding capabilities, their abilities to solve instance-level visual-language problems beyond a single image warrant further exploration.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yunqiu Xu , Linchao Zhu , Yi Yang

3D Visual Grounding (3DVG) focuses on locating objects in 3D scenes based on natural language descriptions, serving as a fundamental task for embodied AI and robotics. Recent advances in Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Beining Xu , Siting Zhu , Zhao Jin , Junxian Li , Hesheng Wang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown great potential in perception and interpretation tasks, but their capabilities in predictive reasoning remain under-explored. To address this gap, we introduce a novel benchmark that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Mingwei Zhu , Leigang Sha , Yu Shu , Kangjia Zhao , Tiancheng Zhao , Jianwei Yin

Recent benchmarks and datasets have been proposed to improve spatial reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs), yet existing open resources remain limited in scale, visual diversity, and instruction expressiveness. In this work, we…

Spatio-temporal reasoning is a core capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) operating in the real world. As such, evaluating it precisely has become an essential challenge. However, existing spatio-temporal reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jinho Park , Youbin Kim , Hogun Park , Eunbyung Park

The sequential structure of videos poses a challenge to the ability of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to locate multi-frame evidence and conduct multimodal reasoning. However, existing video benchmarks mainly focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Kejian Zhu , Zhuoran Jin , Hongbang Yuan , Jiachun Li , Shangqing Tu , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proficient in perception and instruction-following, but they still struggle with spatial reasoning: the ability to mentally track and manipulate objects across multiple views and over time.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ryan Spencer , Roey Yaari , Ritvik Vemavarapu , Joyce Yang , Steven Ngo , Utkarsh Sharma

We argue that progress in true multimodal intelligence calls for a shift from reactive, task-driven systems and brute-force long context towards a broader paradigm of supersensing. We frame spatial supersensing as four stages beyond…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Shusheng Yang , Jihan Yang , Pinzhi Huang , Ellis Brown , Zihao Yang , Yue Yu , Shengbang Tong , Zihan Zheng , Yifan Xu , Muhan Wang , Daohan Lu , Rob Fergus , Yann LeCun , Li Fei-Fei , Saining Xie

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable progress across various capabilities; however, complex video reasoning in the scientific domain remains a significant and challenging frontier. Current video benchmarks predominantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Andong Deng , Taojiannan Yang , Shoubin Yu , Lincoln Spencer , Mohit Bansal , Chen Chen , Serena Yeung-Levy , Xiaohan Wang