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In the maximally-helicity-violating (MHV) configuration, tree-level single-trace Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitude with one and two gravitons have been shown to satisfy a formula where each graviton splits into a pair of collinear gluons.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-02-03 Zhirun Li , Yi-Jian Du

Tree level multi-trace Yang-Mills-scalar (YMS) amplitudes have been shown to satisfy a recursive expansion formula, which expresses any YMS amplitude by those with fewer gluons and/or scalar traces. In an earlier work, the single-trace…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Yi-Jian Du , Kang Zhou

We present the building blocks that can be combined to produce tree-level S-matrix elements of a variety of theories with various spins mixed in arbitrary dimensions. The new formulas for the scattering of $n$ massless particles are given…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-23 Freddy Cachazo , Song He , Ellis Ye Yuan

In this note, we study the Hopf-algebra-based (HAB) formula of Yang-Mills-Scalar (YMS) amplitudes, which expands a YMS amplitude with massive scalars as a combination of propagator matrices that mix massless scalars corresponding to gluons…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-26 Jiexi Liu , Yi-Jian Du

All tree-level amplitudes in Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) theory and gravity (GR) can be expanded in terms of color ordered Yang-Mills (YM) ones whose coefficients are polynomial functions of Lorentz inner products and are constructed by a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-05-22 Linghui Hou , Yi-Jian Du

The factorization form of the integrands in the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formalism makes the generalized Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) relations manifest, thus amplitudes of one theory can be expanded in terms of the amplitudes of another theory.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-12-18 Bo Feng , Xiaodi Li , Kang Zhou

We use generalized unitarity at the integrand-level to directly construct local, manifestly dual-conformally invariant formulae for all two-loop scattering amplitudes in planar, maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM). This…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-05-22 Jacob L. Bourjaily , Jaroslav Trnka

In this letter, we generalize the recursion methods based on cut equations arXiv:2412.21027, originally developed for scalar theories, to gluons in pure Yang-Mills theory. In gauge theories, planar loop integrands are subtle to defined and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-03-21 Qu Cao , Fan Zhu

We study the relationship between the momentum twistor MHV vertex expansion of planar amplitudes in N=4 super-Yang-Mills and the all-loop generalization of the BCFW recursion relations. We demonstrate explicitly in several examples that the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-03-17 Song He , Tristan McLoughlin

We generalize the unifying relations for tree amplitudes to the $1$-loop Feynman integrands. By employing the $1$-loop CHY formula, we construct differential operators which transmute the $1$-loop gravitational Feynman integrand to Feynman…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Kang Zhou

We obtain new relations between Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes involving N gauge bosons plus a single graviton and pure Yang-Mills amplitudes involving N gauge bosons plus one additional vector boson inserted in a way typical for a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-11-23 Stephan Stieberger , Tomasz R. Taylor

In four dimensions, a tree-level double-trace Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitude with two negative-helicity gluons (the $(g^-,g^-)$-configuration) satisfies a symmetric spanning forest formula, which was derived from the graphic expansion…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-01-04 Chongsi Xie , Yi-Jian Du

Using the double-copy construction of Yang-Mills-Einstein theories formulated in our earlier work, we obtain compact presentations for single-trace Yang-Mills-Einstein tree amplitudes with up to five external gravitons and an arbitrary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-08-25 Marco Chiodaroli , Murat Gunaydin , Henrik Johansson , Radu Roiban

In this article a first step is made towards the extension of Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten (BCFW) tree level on-shell recursion relations to integrands and integrals of scattering amplitudes to arbitrary loop order. Surprisingly, it is shown…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-11-30 Rutger H. Boels

The recently-developed "scalar-scaffolding" formulation of gluon amplitudes casts the Yang-Mills (YM) amplitude as a well-defined Laurent series expansion in scalar variables, valid for any spacetime dimension and helicity configuration. In…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-24 Jeffrey V. Backus

We further elaborate on the general construction proposed in arXiv:1812.03369, which connects, via tree-level double copy, massless string amplitudes with color-ordered QFT amplitudes that are given by Cachazo-He-Yuan formulas. The current…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-09-17 Song He , Fei Teng , Yong Zhang

We report on progress in understanding how to construct color-dual multi-loop amplitudes. First we identify a cubic theory, semi-abelian Yang-Mills, that unifies many of the color-dual theories studied in the literature, and provides a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-09-29 Alex Edison , James Mangan , Nicolas H. Pavao

The scattering equations provide a powerful framework for the study of scattering amplitudes in a variety of theories. Their derivation from ambitwistor string theory led to proposals for formulae at one loop on a torus for 10 dimensional…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-04-20 Yvonne Geyer , Lionel Mason , Ricardo Monteiro , Piotr Tourkine

We give an explicit recursive formula for the all L-loop integrand for scattering amplitudes in N=4 SYM in the planar limit, manifesting the full Yangian symmetry of the theory. This generalizes the BCFW recursion relation for tree…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-01-17 Nima Arkani-Hamed , Jacob L. Bourjaily , Freddy Cachazo , Simon Caron-Huot , Jaroslav Trnka

In this letter, starting from a kinematic Hopf algebra, we first construct a closed-form formula for all Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) numerators in Yang-Mills (YM) theory with infinite orders of $\alpha'$ corrections, known as $\rm…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-03-08 Gang Chen , Laurentiu Rodina , Congkao Wen