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Numerous malware families rely on domain generation algorithms (DGAs) to establish a connection to their command and control (C2) server. Counteracting DGAs, several machine learning classifiers have been proposed enabling the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Arthur Drichel , Nils Faerber , Ulrike Meyer

Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) evolve continuously to evade botnet detection, posing a persistent challenge for dependable network defense. While deep learning-based detectors achieve strong performance under static conditions, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chaeyoung Lee , Chaeri Jung , Seonghoon Jeong

An important aspect of many botnets is their capability to generate pseudorandom domain names using Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs). A cyber criminal can register such domains to establish periodically changing rendezvous points with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Nils Weissgerber , Thorsten Jenke , Elmar Padilla , Lilli Bruckschen

The goal of Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) detection is to recognize infections with bot malware and is often done with help of Machine Learning approaches that classify non-resolving Domain Name System (DNS) traffic and are trained on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Benedikt Holmes , Arthur Drichel , Ulrike Meyer

Modern botnets rely on domain-generation algorithms (DGAs) to build resilient command-and-control infrastructures. Recent works focus on recognizing automatically generated domains (AGDs) from DNS traffic, which potentially allows to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-11-25 Stefano Schiavoni , Federico Maggi , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Stefano Zanero

One of the most common causes of lack of continuity of online systems stems from a widely popular Cyber Attack known as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), in which a network of infected devices (botnet) gets exploited to flood the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Giorgio Piras , Maura Pintor , Luca Demetrio , Battista Biggio

Domain generation algorithms (DGAs) are commonly used by botnets to generate domain names through which bots can establish a resilient communication channel with their command and control servers. Recent publications presented deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Lior Sidi , Asaf Nadler , Asaf Shabtai

Command and control (C2) paths for issuing commands to malware are sometimes the only indicators of its existence within networks. Identifying potential C2 channels is often a manually driven process that involves a deep understanding of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Cheng Wang , Akshay Kakkar , Christopher Redino , Abdul Rahman , Ajinsyam S , Ryan Clark , Daniel Radke , Tyler Cody , Lanxiao Huang , Edward Bowen

Separating benign domains from domains generated by DGAs with the help of a binary classifier is a well-studied problem for which promising performance results have been published. The corresponding multiclass task of determining the exact…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Arthur Drichel , Ulrike Meyer , Samuel Schüppen , Dominik Teubert

Mobile devices are frequent targets of eCrime threat actors through SMS spearphishing (smishing) links that leverage Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA) to rotate hostile infrastructure. Despite this, DGA research and evaluation largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Adam Dorian Wong , John D. Hastings

Current Domain Adaptation (DA) methods based on deep architectures assume that the source samples arise from a single distribution. However, in practice, most datasets can be regarded as mixtures of multiple domains. In these cases…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Massimiliano Mancini , Lorenzo Porzi , Samuel Rota Bulò , Barbara Caputo , Elisa Ricci

Both enterprise and national firewalls filter network connections. For data forensics and botnet removal applications, it is important to establish the information source. In this paper, we describe a data transport layer which allows a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-04 Yu Fu , Zhe Jia , Lu Yu , Xingsi Zhong , Richard Brooks

This study proposes a deep generative adversarial architecture (GAA) for network-wide spatial-temporal traffic state estimation. The GAA is able to combine traffic flow theory with neural networks and thus improve the accuracy of traffic…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-01-12 Yunyi Liang , Zhiyong Cui , Yu Tian , Huimiao Chen , Yinhai Wang

Machine-learning-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have achieved impressive accuracy in classifying network attacks, yet they consistently fall short on the question that matters most to a security analyst: what should I do next? This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Md Navid Bin Islam , Sajal Saha , Senior Member

This paper focuses on domain generalization (DG), the task of learning from multiple source domains a model that generalizes well to unseen domains. A main challenge for DG is that the available source domains often exhibit limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Kaiyang Zhou , Yongxin Yang , Timothy Hospedales , Tao Xiang

In network link prediction, it is possible to hide a target link from being predicted with a small perturbation on network structure. This observation may be exploited in many real world scenarios, for example, to preserve privacy, or to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Jinyin Chen , Jian Zhang , Zhi Chen , Min Du , Qi Xuan

Domain Name Service is a trusted protocol made for name resolution, but during past years some approaches have been developed to use it for data transfer. DNS Tunneling is a method where data is encoded inside DNS queries, allowing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Franco Palau , Carlos Catania , Jorge Guerra , Sebastian Garcia , Maria Rigaki

In modern highly interconnected power grids, automatic generation control (AGC) is crucial in maintaining the stability of the power grid. The dependence of the AGC system on the information and communications technology (ICT) system makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Tohid Behdadnia , Geert Deconinck

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely used in many fields such as images processing, speech recognition; however, they are vulnerable to adversarial examples, and this is a security issue worthy of attention. Because the training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Wenjian Luo , Chenwang Wu , Nan Zhou , Li Ni

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides flexible and programmable network management; however, its centralized control architecture remains highly vulnerable to Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks, particularly Carpet-Bombing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mohammed N. Swileh , Shengli Zhang , Kai Lei