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A number of domain specific languages, such as circuits or data-science workflows, are best expressed as diagrams of boxes connected by wires. Unfortunately, functional languages have traditionally been ill-equipped to embed this sort of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Jean-Philippe Bernardy , Arnaud Spiwack

We construct a compact closed category out of any symmetric monoidal category by freely adding adjoints to its objects. The morphisms of the completion are defined as string diagrams annotated by objects and morphisms from the original…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-24 Antonin Delpeuch

Premonoidal categories are monoidal categories without the interchange law while effectful categories are premonoidal categories with a chosen monoidal subcategory of interchanging morphisms. In the same sense that string diagrams,…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Mario Román , Paweł Sobociński

Applications of category theory often involve symmetric monoidal categories (SMCs), in which abstract processes or operations can be composed in series and parallel. However, in 2020 there remains a dearth of computational tools for working…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Evan Patterson , David I. Spivak , Dmitry Vagner

Let $\mathcal C$ be a category with finite colimits, and let $(\mathcal E,\mathcal M)$ be a factorisation system on $\mathcal C$ with $\mathcal M$ stable under pushouts. Writing $\mathcal C;\mathcal M^{\mathrm{op}}$ for the symmetric…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-30 Brendan Fong

We introduce a symmetric monoidal $\infty$-category $\mathrm{GrCob}$ of graph cobordisms between spaces, and use the homology of its morphism spaces to define string operations. Precisely, for an $E_\infty$-ring spectrum $R$ and an oriented…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2025-12-11 Andrea Bianchi

We examine a variant of hypergraphs that we call interfaced linear hypergraphs, with the aim of creating a sound and complete graphical language for symmetric traced monoidal categories (STMCs) suitable for graph rewriting. In particular,…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-22 George Kaye

We compare closed and rigid monoidal categories. Closedness is defined by the tensor product having a right adjoint: the internal hom functor. Rigidity, on the other hand, generalises the duality of finite-dimensional vector spaces. In the…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Sebastian Halbig , Tony Zorman

Wiring diagrams, as seen in digital circuits, can be nested hierarchically and thus have an aspect of self-similarity. We show that wiring diagrams form the morphisms of an operad $\mcT$, capturing this self-similarity. We discuss the…

Databases · Computer Science 2013-05-03 David I. Spivak

String diagrams are a graphical language used to represent processes that can be composed sequentially or in parallel, which correspond graphically to horizontal or vertical juxtaposition. In this paper we demonstrate how to compute the…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-04 Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Jules Hedges

In this paper, we use the language of operads to study open dynamical systems. More specifically, we study the algebraic nature of assembling complex dynamical systems from an interconnection of simpler ones. The syntactic architecture of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2015-10-05 Dmitry Vagner , David I. Spivak , Eugene Lerman

We introduce string diagrams for graded symmetric monoidal categories. Our approach includes a definition of graded monoidal theory and the corresponding freely generated syntactic category. Also, we show how an axiomatic presentation for…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-12 Ralph Sarkis , Fabio Zanasi

We construct a symmetric monoidal closed category of polynomial endofunctors (as objects) and simulation cells (as morphisms). This structure is defined using universal properties without reference to representing polynomial diagrams and is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Hyvernat Pierre

String diagrams are pictorial representations for morphisms of symmetric monoidal categories. They constitute an intuitive and expressive graphical syntax, which has found application in a very diverse range of fields including concurrency…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Aleksandar Milosavljevic , Robin Piedeleu , Fabio Zanasi

Morphisms in a monoidal category are usually interpreted as processes, and graphically depicted as square boxes. In practice, we are faced with the problem of interpreting what non-square boxes ought to represent in terms of the monoidal…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-22 Mario Román

We introduce regular languages of morphisms in free monoidal categories, with their associated grammars and automata. These subsume the classical theory of regular languages of words and trees, but also open up a much wider class of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Matthew Earnshaw , Paweł Sobociński

The category of double categories and double functors is equipped with a symmetric closed monoidal structure. For any double category $\mathbb A$, the corresponding internal hom functor $|[ \mathbb A,-]|$ sends a double category $\mathbb B$…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-31 Gabriella Böhm

We define a notion of symmetric monoidal closed (SMC) theory, consisting of a SMC signature augmented with equations, and describe the classifying categories of such theories in terms of proof nets.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-06-08 Richard Garner , Tom Hirschowitz , Aurélien Pardon

We introduce string diagrams as a formal mathematical, graphical language to represent, compose, program and reason about games. The language is well established in quantum physics, quantum computing and quantum linguistic with the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-21 Jules Hedges , Evguenia Shprits , Viktor Winschel , Philipp Zahn

Symmetric monoidal categories (SMCs) are a common framework for reasoning about computation, focusing on the parallel and sequential compositionality of operations. String diagrams are a ubiquitous and powerful tool for reasoning about…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Benjamin Caldwell , William Spencer , Aleks Kissinger , Robert Rand