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This work studies the wideband modeling and beamforming design of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes and goes beyond conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices to achieve enhanced channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

The parametrization of wireless channels by so-called "beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces" (BD-RIS) is mathematically characterized by a matrix whose off-diagonal entries are partially or fully populated. Physically, this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-31 Philipp del Hougne

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology has emerged as a promising enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering a paradigm shift from passive environments to programmable radio wave propagation. Despite the potential…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an advancement and generalization of the conventional diagonal RIS (D-RIS) by introducing tunable interconnections between RIS elements, enabling smarter wave…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Yiyang Peng , Hongyu Li , Zheyu Wu , Bruno Clerckx

Channel estimation is challenging for the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided wireless communications. Since the number of coefficients of the cascaded channel among the base station (BS), the RIS and the user equipments (UEs) is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Chen Hu , Linglong Dai

Optimally extracting the advantages available from reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) in wireless communications systems requires estimation of the channels to and from the RIS. The process of determining these channels is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-04 A. Lee Swindlehurst , Gui Zhou , Rang Liu , Cunhua Pan , Ming Li

A beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is an innovative type of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that has recently been proposed and is considered a revolutionary advancement in wave manipulation. Unlike the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Abd Ullah Khan , Uman Khalid , Trung Q. Duong , Hyundong Shin

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed recently as a novel and generalized RIS architecture that offers enhanced wave manipulation flexibility and large coverage expansion. However, the beyond-diagonal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao

Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RIS) represent a groundbreaking innovation in sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, enabling unprecedented control over wireless propagation environments compared to conventional…

Channel estimation is a central bottleneck in BD-RIS-assisted MIMO systems. The richer inter-element coupling that enables large performance gains also makes training and hardware control substantially harder than in diagonal RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , Bruno Sokal , André L. F. de Almeida

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a key technology to control the communication environment in future wireless networks. Recently, beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) emerged as a generalization of RIS achieving larger coverage through…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Matteo Nerini , Golsa Ghiaasi , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) is a new advance in RIS techniques that introduces reconfigurable inter-element connections to generate scattering matrices not limited to being diagonal. BD-RIS has been recently…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-08 Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has recently drawn significant attention in wireless communication technologies. However, identifying, modeling, and estimating the RIS channel in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-04 Salah Eddine Zegrar , Liza Afeef , Huseyin Arslan

This paper investigates the limits to which a passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reshape a point-to-point Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel in terms of singular values and their functions (e.g., achievable rate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Yang Zhao , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx , Massimo Franceschetti

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) extends conventional RIS through novel architectures, such as group-connected RIS, with scattering matrix not restricted to being diagonal. However, it remains unexplored how to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Following the promising beamforming gains offered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), a new hardware architecture, known as \emph{beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS)}, has recently been proposed. This architecture enables controllable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-02 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are envisioned as a promising technology for future wireless communications. With various hardware realizations, RISs can work under different modes (reflective/transmissive/hybrid) or have…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) panels are envisioned as a key technology for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, providing a cost-effective means to enhance coverage and spectral efficiency. A critical challenge is the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Saifur Rahman , Syed Luqman Shah , Salman Khan , Jalal Khan , Muhammad Irfan , Maaz Shafi , Said Muhammad , Fazal Muhammad , Mohammad Shahed Akond

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx