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Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) suffers from a lack of commonly-used evaluation tasks and criteria, making comparisons between approaches difficult. In this work, we provide a systematic evaluation and comparison of three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Lukas Schäfer , Stefano V. Albrecht

Multi-agent LLM workflows route inference through specialized roles to lift end-task accuracy, but jointly training those roles with reinforcement learning is unstable in ways that are poorly understood. We study when end-to-end RL training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yifan Zeng , Yiran Wu , Yaolun Zhang , Wentian Zhao , Kun Wan , Qingyun Wu , Huazheng Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a potent tool for sequential decision-making and has achieved performance surpassing human capabilities across many challenging real-world tasks. As the extension of RL in the multi-agent system domain,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Ruiqi Zhang , Jing Hou , Florian Walter , Shangding Gu , Jiayi Guan , Florian Röhrbein , Yali Du , Panpan Cai , Guang Chen , Alois Knoll

When learning a task as a team, some agents in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) may fail to understand their true impact in the performance of the team. Such agents end up learning sub-optimal policies, demonstrating undesired lazy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud

Progress in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) requires challenging benchmarks that assess the limits of current methods. However, existing benchmarks often target narrow short-horizon challenges that do not adequately stress the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Bassel Al Omari , Michael Matthews , Alexander Rutherford , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

Mapping deep neural networks (DNNs) to hardware is critical for optimizing latency, energy consumption, and resource utilization, making it a cornerstone of high-performance accelerator design. Due to the vast and complex mapping space,…

A characteristic of reinforcement learning is the ability to develop unforeseen strategies when solving problems. While such strategies sometimes yield superior performance, they may also result in undesired or even dangerous behavior. In…

Reinforcement learning agents are prone to undesired behaviors due to reward mis-specification. Finding a set of reward functions to properly guide agent behaviors is particularly challenging in multi-agent scenarios. Inverse reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Lantao Yu , Jiaming Song , Stefano Ermon

The exploration of unknown, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) denied environments by an autonomous communication-aware and collaborative group of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) presents significant challenges in coordination,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Tiago Leite , Maria Conceição , António Grilo

In the real world, people/entities usually find matches independently and autonomously, such as finding jobs, partners, roommates, etc. It is possible that this search for matches starts with no initial knowledge of the environment. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Kshitija Taywade , Judy Goldsmith , Brent Harrison

In real-world multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) applications, agents may not have perfect state information (e.g., due to inaccurate measurement or malicious attacks), which challenges the robustness of agents' policies. Though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Sihong He , Songyang Han , Sanbao Su , Shuo Han , Shaofeng Zou , Fei Miao

Trust region methods rigorously enabled reinforcement learning (RL) agents to learn monotonically improving policies, leading to superior performance on a variety of tasks. Unfortunately, when it comes to multi-agent reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Ruiqing Chen , Muning Wen , Ying Wen , Fanglei Sun , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

Sample efficiency remains a key challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). A promising approach is to learn a meaningful latent representation space through auxiliary learning objectives alongside the MARL objective to aid in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Dom Huh , Prasant Mohapatra

A large amount of work has been done in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for modeling and solving problems with multiple interacting agents. However, most LLMs are pretrained independently and not specifically optimized for coordination. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Shuo Liu , Tianle Chen , Zeyu Liang , Xueguang Lyu , Christopher Amato

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) under partial observability has long been considered challenging, primarily due to the requirement for each agent to maintain a belief over all other agents' local histories -- a domain that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Weichao Mao , Kaiqing Zhang , Erik Miehling , Tamer Başar

Reinforcement learning with multiple, potentially conflicting objectives is pervasive in real-world applications, while this problem remains theoretically under-explored. This paper tackles the multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Tianchen Zhou , FNU Hairi , Haibo Yang , Jia Liu , Tian Tong , Fan Yang , Michinari Momma , Yan Gao

We develop a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithm to minimize the total energy consumption of multiple massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) base stations (BSs) in a multi-cell network while preserving the overall…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Tianzhang Cai , Qichen Wang , Shuai Zhang , Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Cicek Cavdar

Connected and autonomous vehicles across land, water, and air must often operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments with limited communication, no centralized control, and partial observability. These real-world constraints pose…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hung Du , Hy Nguyen , Srikanth Thudumu , Rajesh Vasa , Kon Mouzakis

Climate policy development faces significant challenges due to deep uncertainty, complex system dynamics, and competing stakeholder interests. Climate simulation methods, such as Earth System Models, have become valuable tools for policy…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-11 James Rudd-Jones , Mirco Musolesi , María Pérez-Ortiz

Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is an exciting direction of research that uses static datasets to find optimal control policies for multi-agent systems. Though the field is by definition data-driven, efforts have thus far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Claude Formanek , Louise Beyers , Callum Rhys Tilbury , Jonathan P. Shock , Arnu Pretorius