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Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems. Ad-hoc integrations are difficult to scale, secure, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Abul Ehtesham , Aditi Singh , Gaurav Kumar Gupta , Saket Kumar

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a key infrastructure for connecting LLMs with external tools, scaling to 10,000+ MCP servers with diverse tools. Unfortunately, there is still a large gap between real-world MCP usage and current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Guozhao Mo , Wenliang Zhong , Jiawei Chen , Qianhao Yuan , Xuanang Chen , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from passive text generators to active reasoning agents capable of interacting with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a key standardized framework for dynamic tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuanqi Gao , Siyi Xie , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

Context: Cryptographic APIs are often misused in real-world applications. Therefore, many cryptographic API misuse detection tools have been introduced. However, there exists no established reference benchmark for a fair and comprehensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Michael Schlichtig , Anna-Katharina Wickert , Stefan Krüger , Eric Bodden , Mira Mezini

Tool-augmented LLM agents raise new security risks: tool executions can introduce runtime-only behaviors, including prompt injection and unintended exposure of external inputs (e.g., environment secrets or local files). While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zhuoran Tan , Run Hao , Jeremy Singer , Yutian Tang , Christos Anagnostopoulos

Cryptographic (crypto) algorithms are the essential ingredients of all secure systems: crypto hash functions and encryption algorithms, for example, can guarantee properties such as integrity and confidentiality. Developers, however, can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Luca Piccolboni , Giuseppe Di Guglielmo , Luca P. Carloni , Simha Sethumadhavan

Background: Large language models (LLMs) show promise in medicine, but their deployment in hospitals is limited by restricted access to electronic health record (EHR) systems. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables integration between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Kanato Masayoshi , Masahiro Hashimoto , Ryoichi Yokoyama , Naoki Toda , Yoshifumi Uwamino , Shogo Fukuda , Ho Namkoong , Masahiro Jinzaki

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which LLM agents invoke external tools, and a growing ecosystem of MCP servers now mediates access to vendor services. Most of these servers target vendors that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Meriem Mastouri , Emna Ksontini , Amine Barrak , Wael Kessentini

Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes interface mapping for large language models (LLMs) to access external data and tools, which revolutionizes the paradigm of tool selection and facilitates the rapid expansion of the LLM agent tool…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihan Wang , Rui Zhang , Yu Liu , Wenshu Fan , Wenbo Jiang , Qingchuan Zhao , Hongwei Li , Guowen Xu

The MCP Solver bridges Large Language Models (LLMs) with symbolic solvers through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), an open-source standard for AI system integration. Providing LLMs access to formal solving and reasoning capabilities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Stefan Szeider

Lack of experience, inadequate documentation, and sub-optimal API design frequently cause developers to make mistakes when re-using third-party implementations. Such API misuses can result in unintended behavior, performance losses, or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Sebastian Nielebock , Robert Heumüller , Kevin Michael Schott , Frank Ortmeier

Cryptographic Protocols (CP) are distributed algorithms intended for secure communication in an insecure environment. They are used, for example, in electronic payments, electronic voting procedures, systems of confidential data processing,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Andrew M. Mironov

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools to perform complex, realistic tasks, yet their ability to utilize the rapidly expanding Model Contextual Protocol (MCP) ecosystem remains limited. Existing MCP research covers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenhao Wang , Peizhi Niu , Zhao Xu , Zhaoyu Chen , Jian Du , Yaxin Du , Xianghe Pang , Keduan Huang , Yanfeng Wang , Qiang Yan , Siheng Chen

A common cause of bugs and vulnerabilities are the violations of usage constraints associated with Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). API misuses are common in software projects, and while there have been techniques proposed to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Hong Jin Kang , David Lo

Various studies have empirically shown that the majority of Java and Android apps misuse cryptographic libraries, causing devastating breaches of data security. Therefore, it is crucial to detect such misuses early in the development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Stefan Krüger , Johannes Späth , Karim Ali , Eric Bodden , Mira Mezini

Large Language Models (LLMs) consume vast quantities of human-generated content for both training and real-time inference, yet the creators of that content remain largely invisible in the value chain. Existing approaches to data attribution…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Praneel Panchigar , Torlach Rush , Matthew Canabarro

LLM agents are beginning to invoke industrial asset-management tools through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), yet whether they can act reliably on this substrate for safety-critical \emph{Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)} is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianjun Feng , Yunfeng Chen , Chun-Yi Tsai , Yihan Sun , Ayan Das , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Shuxin Lin , Dhaval Patel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly equipped with capabilities of real-time web search and integrated with protocols like Model Context Protocol (MCP). This extension could introduce new security vulnerabilities. We present a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Junjie Xiong , Changjia Zhu , Shuhang Lin , Chong Zhang , Yongfeng Zhang , Yao Liu , Lingyao Li

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a rapidly adopted standard for defining and invoking external tools in LLM applications. The multi-layered architecture of MCP introduces new attack surfaces such as tool poisoning, in addition to traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 İpek Abasıkeleş Turgut , Edip Gümüş

Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables agents to interact with external tools, yet empirical research on MCP is hindered by the lack of large-scale, accessible datasets. We present MCPZoo, the largest and most comprehensive dataset of MCP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mengying Wu , Pei Chen , Geng Hong , Baichao An , Jinsong Chen , Binwang Wan , Xudong Pan , Jiarun Dai , Min Yang
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