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While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable fluency in educational dialogues, most generative tutors primarily operate through intuitive, single-pass generation. This reliance on fast thinking precludes a dedicated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yuang Wei , Ruijia Li , Bo Jiang

Proactive questioning, where therapists deliberately initiate structured, cognition-guiding inquiries, is a cornerstone of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Yet, current psychological large language models (LLMs) remain overwhelmingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mingwen Zhang , Minqiang Yang , Changsheng Ma , Yang Yu , Hui Bai , Chen Xu , Xiangzhen Kong , Bin Hu

The Socratic method is a way of guiding students toward solving a problem independently without directly revealing the solution to the problem. Although this method has been shown to significantly improve student learning outcomes, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Nischal Ashok Kumar , Andrew Lan

This perspective paper proposes a series of interactive scenarios that utilize Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance classroom teaching, such as dialogue auto-completion, knowledge and style transfer, and assessment of AI-generated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Kehui Tan , Tianqi Pang , Chenyou Fan , Song Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as learning companions, providing scaffolded explanations, hints, or step-by-step guidance. However, in current LLM-based learning scenarios, scaffolded content is primarily consumed…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zixin Chen , Haotian Li , Zhe Liu , Huamin Qu , Xing Xie

Generative AI (GenAI) tools are transforming information seeking, but their fluent, authoritative responses risk overreliance and discourage independent verification and reasoning. Rather than replacing the cognitive work of users, GenAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Markus Bink , Marten Risius , Udo Kruschwitz , David Elsweiler

As computational systems supported by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques continue to play an increasingly pivotal role in making high-stakes recommendations and decisions across various domains, the demand for explainable AI (XAI) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Muhammad Suffian , Ulrike Kuhl , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

Evaluating teaching effectiveness at scale remains a persistent challenge for large universities, particularly within engineering programs that enroll tens of thousands of students. Traditional methods, such as manual review of student…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Jean-Francois Chamberland , Martin C. Carlisle , Arul Jayaraman , Krishna R. Narayanan , Sunay Palsole , Karan Watson

This paper explores the integration of two AI subdisciplines employed in the development of artificial agents that exhibit intelligent behavior: Large Language Models (LLMs) and Cognitive Architectures (CAs). We present three integration…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Oscar J. Romero , John Zimmerman , Aaron Steinfeld , Anthony Tomasic

Large language models (LLMs) sometimes exhibit qualitative shifts in response style under sustained self-referential dialogue conditions (Berg et al., 2025). This study refers to this phenomenon as "transfer" and explores the application…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Minori Noguchi

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold substantial potential for accelerating academic ideation but face critical challenges in grounding ideas and mitigating confirmation bias for further refinement. We propose integrating motivational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Xinping Lei , Tong Zhou , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Background: Traditional research on collaborative learning scaffolding is often time-consuming and resource-heavy, which hinders the rapid iteration and optimization of instructional strategies. LLM-based multi-agent systems have recently…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Han Wua , Lishan Zhang , Chunming Lu

Complex robot behaviour typically requires the integration of multiple robotic and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques and components. Integrating such disparate components into a coherent system, while also ensuring global properties…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Bernhard Hengst , Maurice Pagnucco , David Rajaratnam , Claude Sammut , Michael Thielscher

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally altered the way we interact with digital systems and have led to the pursuit of LLM powered AI agents to assist in daily workflows. LLMs, whilst powerful and capable of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Prattyush Mangal , Carol Mak , Theo Kanakis , Timothy Donovan , Dave Braines , Edward Pyzer-Knapp

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in educational settings has paradoxically undermined the cognitive processes they purport to support. Students increasingly outsource critical thinking to AI assistants that generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ran Bi , Shiyao Wei , Yuanyiyi Zhou

Despite the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in education, concerns have emerged about their potential to reduce deep thinking and active learning. This study investigates the impact of generative artificial intelligence (AI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Georgios P. Georgiou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used for emotional support. They are also being developed for formal therapy purposes. However, LLMs like ChaptGPT or Llama are often developed with content moderation guardrails that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiwon Kim , Claire Wang , Taeung Yoon , Sabelle Huang , Koustuv Saha

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to successfully complete a semester-long undergraduate control systems course. Through evaluation of 115 course deliverables, we assess…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Gokul Puthumanaillam , Timothy Bretl , Melkior Ornik

The arrival of AI tools and in particular Large Language Models (LLMs) has had a transformative impact on teaching and learning and institutes are still trying to determine how to integrate LLMs into education in constructive ways. Here, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Steven Watterson , Sarah Atkinson , Elaine Murray , Andrew McDowell

The adoption of generative AI and large language models (LLMs) in education is still emerging. In this study, we explore the development and evaluation of AI teaching assistants that provide curriculum-based guidance using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Konstantinos Katharakis , Sippo Rossi , Raghava Rao Mukkamala
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